Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chem (Clinicals) > enzymes > Flashcards

enzymes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Activation energy definition

A

the energy required to raise the temp of 1 mole of a compound to a transitional state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

transitional state is where…..

A

reaction can go backwards & forwards in equal amounts

E+S ES E+P (ES = transitional state)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Enzyme active site is where…

A

substrate interacts with molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Enzyme Allosteric site is …

A

part of the enzyme that does not interact with substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Isoenzymes are…

A

different forms of the same enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cofactors are:

A

A non-protein molecule required for the enzyme to function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

activators are:

A

Inorganic cofactors

ex. Mg or Cl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Coenzymes are:

A

organic cofactors

ex. NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Functioning enzyme =

A

Apoenzyme + coenzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Zymogen is:

A

inactive form of an enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Apoenzyme is:

A

enzyme portion of the molecule after coenzyme disconnected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why would a zymogen be released in the body?

A

To be activated elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

6 classes of enzymes

A 
oxireductases
transferases
hydrolases
lyases
isomerases
ligases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lyases work to…

A

remove substrate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Isomerases work to…

A

catalyze the interconversion of isomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ligases work to…

A

join 2 substances

*needs ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Oxidoreductase enzymes (2)

A

LDH

G6PDH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Transferases (4)

A

AST
ALT
CK
GGT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hydrolases (5)

A 
ALKP
ACP
SAMY
LIPA
Cholinesterase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

First order kinetics Rxn used to measure ____

A

substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

First order: Rxn rate proportional to ______ concentration

A

substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_____ in excess in 1st order kinetics

A

Enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Zero-order kinetics used to measure ____

A

enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

____ in excess in zero order kinetics

A

substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

zero order Rxn rate proportional to _____ conc.

A

enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is rate measured?

A

Michaelis-menton equation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

curves are used to find ___ and ___ of M-M equation

A

Vmax

Km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

6 things that influence enzymatic reactions

A 
Enzyme concentration
pH
temp
cofactors
coenzymes
inhibitors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Enzyme concentration;
If S>E, V is proportional to __
If E>S, V is ____

A

V

Faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cofactors allow for: (3 things)

A

Substrate binding
Substrate linkage
Redox Rxns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Prosthetic groups

A

(coenzymes)

Tightly bound second substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

3 types of inhibitors

A

Competitive
Noncompetitive
Uncompetitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

Substance that binds to active site of enzyme, competes with substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitor

A

binds to a site other than active site on enzymes and deactivates enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Uncompetitive inhibitor

A

binds to enzyme-substrate complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Indirect measurement of enzymes requires

A

auxiliary enzymes to visualize Rxn
Continuous readings
(usually done with zero-order kinetics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

International Units quantify…

A

enzymes based on activity (rather than direct measurement)

Measured in IU/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

IU =

A

amount of enzyme required to catalyze the reaction of 1 umol of substrate per minute under specified conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Ways to directly measure enzymes (2)

A

immunoassays- attaching Ab to actual enzyme, measuring protein and quantifying amount present

Electrophoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

CK =

A

Creatine kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

CK fx

A

Storage of creatine phosphate in muscle cells
Helps form CP from Creatine (catalyzes Rxn)

Creatine + ATP to Creatine Phosphate + ADP

(Transferase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Source of CK

A

Widespread distribution, incl skeletal muscle, heart muscle and brain tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Diagnostic significance of CK

A

Isoenzyme activity
AMI or muscle breakdown
CKMM, MB, MM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

____ is used to indirectly quantitate CK

A

NADH–NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

CK interference

A

hemolysis (false elevation due to color)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

CK reference ranges

A

Male: 60-380 U/L
Female: 40-195 U/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Normal CKMB

A

<6% of total CK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

LD =

A

lactate dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

LD function

A

supports the interconversion of lactate to pyruvate

oxidoreductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

LD tissue source

A

Nonspecific:

Heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, RBC

51
Q

Diagnostic significance of LD

A

Hemolytic disorders
Liver disorders
Tumor markers
also: oncology- how well pt’s RBCs withstanding Tx

52
Q

LD 1 and 2

A

Heart, RBCs

53
Q

LD-3

A

lung, lymphocytes, spleen, pancreas

54
Q

LD-4

A

liver

55
Q

LD-5

A

skeletal muscle

56
Q

Stability of LD

A

More stable at RT than refrigerated, no more than 1 day

57
Q

LD activity assay

A

Lactate + NAD+ to Pyruvate + NADH + H+

58
Q

LD sources of error

A

hemolysis

age of sample

59
Q

LD reference range

A

135-225 U/L

60
Q

AST =

A

Aspartate Aminotransferase

Also: SGOT or GOT

61
Q

AST fx

A

transfers an amino group from aspartate and alpha-keto-glutarate

Transaminase reaction important in the breakdown and creation of amino acids

(transferase)

62
Q

AST tissue source

A

heart
liver
skeletal muscle

63
Q

AST diagnostic significance

A

Liver function

small increase in AMI and muscle disorders (not used for Dx)

64
Q

AST sources of error

A

hemolysis (not affected as much as LD or CK)

platelets (increase)

65
Q

AST reference range

A

11-41 U/L at 37C

66
Q

If AST and ALT both very elevated, indicative of…

A

hepatitis

67
Q

If ALKP and GGT both every elevated, indicative of…

A

cirrhosis

obstruction

68
Q

Onset of cirrhosis, ___ will increase first

A

GGT

69
Q

ALT =

A

alanine aminotransferase

also: SGPT, GPT

70
Q

ALT fx

A

(transferase)

transfers an amino group from alanine to alpha-keto-glutarate

71
Q

ALT source

A

LIVER

72
Q

ALT significance

A

Evaluation of hepatic disorders

73
Q

ALT reference range at 37C

A

male: 11-66 U/L
female: 9-40 U/L

74
Q

ALT interferences

A

slightly affected by hemolysis

Quite stable

75
Q

ALKP =

A

alkaline phosphatase

76
Q

ALKP fx

A

catalyzes hydrolysis of phosphomonoesters at alkaline pH

hydrolase

77
Q

ALKP conditions

A

Optimal pH 9-10

Requires Mg+ as an activator

78
Q

ALKP source

A

Nonspecific

intestine, liver, bone, spleen, placenta, kidney

79
Q

Diagnostic significance

A

liver and bone diseases

80
Q

Low levels of ALKP indicative of…

A

bone disorder in kids, nothing in adults

81
Q

ALKP isoenzyme historical test:

A

heat to 56C for 10 minutes… Bone burns
<20% left = bone fraction
>20% left = lover fraction

82
Q

ALKP sources of error

A

Hemolysis and secretor status (Blood type B or O and nonsecretor may have slightly low levels)

Will increase in activity after 24 hours

83
Q

ALKP Reference range

A

32-110 U/L

age dependent… may be up to 500-600 in kids

84
Q

ACP =

A

acid phosphatase

85
Q

ACP fx

A

(hydrolase)
catalyzes hydrolysis of phosphomonoesters at acid pH
(optimal pH = 5)

86
Q

ACP tissue source

A

prostate, liver, bone, spleen, kidney, RBC, plts

87
Q

ACP diagnostic significance

A

Prostatic ACP- esp when metastasized
(monitor prostate cancer)
Increased in bone diseases
can help ID semen

88
Q

Way to differentiate prostatic ACP

A

Inhibited by tartrate

89
Q

ACP sources of error

A

Immediate serum spin

90
Q

ACP ref range

A

0 - 3.5 ng/mL

91
Q

GGT =

A

gamma-glutamyltransferase

92
Q

GGT fx

A

involved in peptide and protein synthesis (transferase)

transfers gamma-glutamyl from peptides to amino acids, water, and other small peptides

93
Q

GGT source

A

kidney, brain, prostate, pancreas, liver

94
Q

GGT diagnostic significance

A

LIVER disease
high results in biliary tract obstruction
alcoholism
drugs- warfarin, phonobarb, phenytoin

95
Q

GGT sources of error

A

Usually stable

96
Q

GGT ref ranges

A

male: 8-100 IU/L
female: 5-40 IU/L

97
Q

Amylase fx

A

breaks down starch and glycogen

98
Q

Amylase requires

A

Calcium and chloride

99
Q

Amylase tissue source

A

Acinar cells of the pancreas and salivary glands

100
Q

Amylase isoenzymes

A 
S-amy = salivary
P-amy = pancreatic

(S + P = total amy)

101
Q

Amylase diagnostic significance

A 
acute pancreatitis
salivary dysfunction (mumps)
102
Q

Is amylase affected by hemolysis?

A

no

103
Q

4 assays for amylase

A

Amyloclastic (use of iodine)
Saccharogenic (amt of reduced sugars)
Chromogenic (dye-substrate)
Coupled enzyme (NAD+ measurement)

104
Q

Amylase reference range

A

30-105 IU/L

105
Q

Lipase fx

A

breaks down fats to alcohols and fatty acids

hydrolase

106
Q

lipase tissue source

A

pancreas

more specific than AMY

107
Q

lipase diagnostic significance

A

acute pancreatitis

108
Q

Lipase source of error

A

hemolysis (not much)

109
Q

Lipase ref range

A

15-100 IU/L

110
Q

G6PD (G6PDH) =

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

111
Q

G6PD fx

A

(oxidoreductase)
oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate

Important in the first step of glucose metabolism leading to NADPH production

112
Q

G6PD source

A

Adrenal cortex, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, lactating mammary gland, RBCs

113
Q

G6PD diagnostic significance

A

Decreased levels: sex-linked deficiency, usually in African Americans (oxidative drugs can cause hemolytic episode)

Increased: MI, megaloblastic anemia

114
Q

G6PD and RBCs

A

protects hgb from oxidation and thus hemolysis

115
Q

G6PD assay rxn

A

NADPH production

116
Q

Neuron-specific enolase found in

A

neurons and neuroendocrine cells

117
Q

neuron-specific esterase test used for…

A

tumors of neuroendocrine system:
neuroblastoma
small cell carcinoma of the lungs
islet tumor cells

118
Q

5’-nucleotidase elevated in…

A

bile duct obstruction (highest increase)

hepatitis (moderate increase)

119
Q

5’-nucleotidase used in conjunction with ___

A

ALKP

120
Q

cholinesterase found in:

A

RBC, lungs, spleen, nerve endings and brain

121
Q

cholinesterase, 2 similar enzymes:

A

acetylcholinesterase

acylcholine acylhydrolase

122
Q

Cholinesterase used for:

A

liver fx
insecticide poisoning
detect atypical form of enzyme for surgery (anesthesia- if pt has less active forms may not wake up when under)

123
Q

Cholinesterase fx

A

degrades acetylcholine, depolarizes nerve so another signal can send (hydrolase)

Chem (Clinicals) (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions