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Immunology/Microbiology > Immunology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Immunology Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Study of inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed in an organism’s genetic material

A

Genetics

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2
Q

Total amount of genetic information in the chromosomes of an organism
Includes its genes and nucleotide sequences

A

Genome

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cells are

A

Haploid

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4
Q

Single chromosome copy

A

Haploid

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5
Q

-Small circular molecules of DNA that replicate independently
-Not essential for normal metabolism, growth, or reproduction
-Can confer survival advantages
-Can be called Factors

A

Plasmids

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6
Q

Eukaryotic cells are often ________ (two chromosome copies)

A

Diploid

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7
Q

Extra nuclear DNA- all cells have it including Mitochondria and Chloroplasts but _____ do not.

A

RBCs

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8
Q

the entire process of DNA creating a functional protein

A

gene expression

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9
Q

Organisms replicate their genomes and provide copies to descendants (in the process of reproduction)

A

Vertical gene transfer

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10
Q

Cells with DNA molecules that contain new nucleotide sequences

A

Recombinants

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11
Q

The mixing of the chromosomes from maternal and paternal information

A

Cross-over

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12
Q

Donor cell contributes part of genome to recipient cell

A

Horizontal gene transfer

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer

A

Transformation
Transaction
Bacterial Conjugation

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14
Q

Change in the nucleotide base sequence of a genome
Rare event
Almost always deleterious

A

mutation

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15
Q

What are the two types of mutations?

A

Point mutation
Frameshift Mutation

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of mutations?

A

Point mutations
Frameshift Mutations

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17
Q

Nucleotide triplets after the mutation are displaced
Insertions and deletions

A

Frameshift Mutations

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18
Q

Most common mutation, one base pair is affected

A

Point mutation

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19
Q

Name the types of mutagens

A

Radiation
Chemical

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20
Q

What are the types of chemical mutagens

A

Nucleotide analogs
Nucleotide altering chemicals
Frameshift mutagens

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21
Q

What are the types of radiation mutagens

A

Ionizing
non-ionizing

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22
Q

Descendants of a cell that does not repair a mutation (cancer)

A

mutant

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23
Q

Cells normally found in nature

A

wild types

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24
Q

What are the 3 methods to recognize mutants

A

Positive selection
Negative (indirect) selection
Ames Test

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25
Q

A commonly used preliminary test to assess the potential of a chemical substance to cause mutations and have the potential to be a carcinogen

A

Ames test

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26
Q

Large number of identical molecules of DNA produced in vitro
Critical to amplify DNA in variety of situations

A

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

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27
Q

What are the goals in intentional modification of an organisms’s genomes?

A

Eliminate undesirable phenotypic traits
Combine beneficial traits of two or more organisms
Create organisms that synthesize products humans need

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28
Q

Nucleic acid molecules that deliver a gene into a cell

A

Vector

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29
Q

what are the 3 a-cellular etiologic agents

A

Viruses, Viroids, Prions

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30
Q

Cannot carry out any metabolic pathway
Neither grow nor respond to the environment
Cannot reproduce independently
Recruit the host cell’s metabolic pathways to increase their numbers
No cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, organelles (with one exception)
Have extracellular and intracellular state
Do not respond to stimuli

A

Viruses

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31
Q

The extracellular state of a virus is called a

A

Viroid

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32
Q

What is special about the intracelluar state of a virus?

A

Protein coat removed, exists as a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

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33
Q

What are the 3 basic viral shapes?

A

Helical capsid
polyhedral capsid
complex

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34
Q

The F factor is a

A

plasmid

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35
Q

Heating DNA to a temperature of 94oC leads to the destabilization of hydrogen bonding between in double stranded DNA. At this temperature, DNA becomes single stranded. This process is called

A

denaturing

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36
Q

_______ Refers to a recombination process that uses a bacteriophage to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another

A

transduction

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37
Q

___________________ refers to the process of converting information in a gene into a polypeptide

A

gene expression

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38
Q

The order of magnitude of bacterial genomes lies in the _____________of base pairs

A

millions

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39
Q

The process of organisms replicating their genomes and providing copies to descendants is called _______________

A

vertical gene transfer

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40
Q

Which of the following is NOT a naturally occurring process that scientists use nowadays for recombinant gene technology-
a.
Transformation
b.
Conjugation
c.
Translation
d.
Transduction

A

c.
Translation

this refers to the process of protein synthesis based on RNA and is not a process of recombination.

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41
Q

The process of converting a nucleotide sequence in DNA into a nucleotide sequence in RNA is called _____________________________.

A

transcription

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42
Q

Small circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome are called ______________________________________.

A

plasmids

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43
Q

Hfr (high frequency of recombination) is the term for the state of bacterial cells that have _________________, and thus have the capacity to horizontally transfer genes to many cells.

A

the F factor incorporated into their genome

44
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease affects what?

A

Cerebrum

45
Q

Kuru is associated with a ?

A

Burial Ritual

46
Q

Fatal Familial Insomnia affects the what?

A

Thalamus

47
Q

Gerstman-Straussler-Schwenker Syndrome affects what part of the brain?

A

Cerebellum

48
Q

Chronic wasting disease occurs mainly in what animals?

A

Deer/Elk

49
Q

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy occurs in what animals

A

Cattle

50
Q

Scrapie affects what animals?

A

Sheep

51
Q

Viral attachment always involves a viral glycoprotein and a host cell lectin with a binding site for the oligosaccharide of the viral glycoprotein. T or F

A

False

52
Q

What type of entry affects which virus?
Endocytosis
Membrane fusion
Direct penetration

A

Enveloped viruses
Enveloped viruses
Non-enveloped viruses

53
Q

What is the correct sequence of viral replication

A

Attachment
Entry
Synthesis
Assembly
Release

54
Q

Only DNA viruses can be the cause certain cancers- T or F

A

True
in order to cause a mutation through insertion into a critical gene, there has to be ds DNA (like the host cell chromosomes); ssDNA or any type of RNA would not be inserted.

55
Q

Many fungal species grow in two completely different appearances, as filaments (hyphae) or yeasts (individual cells). Organisms that have two distinctly different appearances are called _____________________

A

dimorphous

56
Q

Which of the following have cell walls?

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths

A

bacteria & fungi

57
Q

In what group of microorganisms is sexual reproduction impossible?

A

Bacteria

these are haploid organisms–actually have only one chromosome, and thus cannot sexually reproduce.

58
Q

Which of the following stages of disease is referred to by the descriptor ‘prodromal’?

A

vague general symptoms

59
Q

SARS-CoV2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19 is transmitted by droplets. What type of transmission is this?

A

Direct

60
Q

The metabolically active stage of protozoa, also the vulnerable stage, is called

A

trophozoite

61
Q

what are the 4 categories of eukaryotes?

A

Fungi
Protazoa
Helminths
Vectors

62
Q

What are the following?

Binary Fission
Budding
Postponed cytokinesis

A

methods of asexual reproduction

63
Q

Multiple mitoses processes due to reproduction of nuclei and then one split. Found in plasmodium species which cause malaria
asexual reproduction by multiple fission, found in some protozoa, especially parasitic sporozoans.

A

Schizogony

64
Q

What are the major significance of Fungi?

A

-Decompose dead organisms and recycle their nutrients
-Help plants absorb water and minerals
-Used for food and in manufacture of foods and beverages
-Produce antibiotics
-Serve as important research tools
-30% cause diseases of plants, animals, and humans
-Can spoil fruit, pickles, jams, and jellies

65
Q

A bunch of Hyphae are called?

A

Mycelium

66
Q

Most Fungi are Saprobes. What does that mean?

A

Consume dead biomass

67
Q

Series of buds that remain attached to one another and to parent cell is called what?

A

Pseudohypha

68
Q

have a true nucleus with a double membrane surrounding the DNA

A

Eukaryotic

69
Q

do not aggregate into larger organisms

A

Unicellular

70
Q

Require moist environments
Most live in ponds, streams, lakes, and oceans
Others live in moist soil, beach sand, and decaying organic matter (saprobes)
Very few are pathogens

A

Distribution of Protozoa

71
Q

non-motile protozoan formation is called?

A

Toxoplasma

72
Q

do not die without oxygen but can not function or reproduce.

A

Strict aerobes- Protozoa

73
Q

Helminths are spilt into 2 groups. What are they?

A

Platyhelminths (flatworms)
Nematodes (round worms)

74
Q

Both organisms benefit from relationship

A

Mutualism

75
Q

One organism benefits from relationship, the other is not harmed nor benefited

A

Commensalism

76
Q

One organism is benefitted while the other organism is harmed

A

Parasitism

77
Q

refers to the totality of the genetic makeup that is the entire ecosystem

A

Microbiome

78
Q

Similar community throughout life
Varies with host
Mostly commensal

A

resident microbiota

79
Q

What are the two kinds of microbiota

A

Resident
Transient

80
Q

In/on the body for short period
Found in the same regions as resident microbiota
Disappear because of
-Competition
-Elimination
-Chemical or physical changes

A

Transient Microbiota

81
Q

Initiated during birthing process
Mostly established during first months of life
When children are born via C-section common practice is to expose the child so they can grow a microbiota

A

Acquisition of normal microbiota

82
Q

What are the oppotunities for normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens

A

Introduction to an unusual site
Changes in normal microbiota ecosystem (ex. Antibiotics)
Immunocompromised state= chemo/radiation

83
Q

Sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection

A

Reservoirs of infection

84
Q

Infected individuals who are asymptomatic but infective to others

A

Human carriers

85
Q

Soil, water, and food can be reservoirs of infection
Often due to contamination by feces or urine
length of life can be prolonged by going into the cyst stage

A

Non-living resevoirs

86
Q

Place where pathogens can survive moving from animal to humans either by direct contact or in contact with their waste

A

Animal Resevoirs

87
Q

The mere presence of microbes (in or on the body)

A

Contamination

88
Q

Organism multiplies, and becomes established in the body

A

Infection

89
Q

What are the 4 major pathways that pathogens can enter the body

A

Skin
Mucous Membranes
Placenta
Parenteral route

90
Q

results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions

A

Disease

91
Q

is the invasion of the host by a pathogen

A

Infection

92
Q

also referred to as Morbidity

A

disease

93
Q

Ability of a microorganism to cause disease

A

Pathogenicity

94
Q

Degree of pathogenicity
How few organisms does it take to cause disease

A

Virulence

95
Q

Virulence factors contribute to virulence

A

Adhesion factors
Biofilms
Extracellular enzymes
Toxins
Antiphagocytic factors

96
Q

refers to toxins in the bloodstream that are carried beyond the site of infection

A

Toxemia

97
Q

There are two types of toxins, one is gram positive, one is gram negative. What are they?

A

Pos- Endotoxin
Neg- Exotoxin

98
Q

Factors prevent phagocytosis by the host’s phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages)

A

Antiphagocytic factors

99
Q

Name two Antiphagocytic factors

A

Bacterial capsule
Antiphagocytic chemicals

100
Q

what are the 5 stages of infection?

A

Incubation period
Prodromal Period
Illness
Decline
Convalescence

101
Q

What are the 3 methods of disease transmission?

A

Contact
Vehicle
Vector

102
Q

Direct, indirect, or droplet (less than 3’) disease transmission

A

Contact

103
Q

Airborne, waterborne, or foodborne disease transmission

A

Vehicle

104
Q

Biological (mosquitos) or mechanical (contaminated needles) disease transmission

A

Vector

105
Q

Refers to hospital acquired infections (drug resistant infections)

A

Nosocomial Infections

Immunology/Microbiology (2 decks)

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