Immunology Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Study of inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed in an organism’s genetic material
A
Genetics
2
Q
Total amount of genetic information in the chromosomes of an organism
Includes its genes and nucleotide sequences
A
Genome
3
Q
Prokaryotic cells are
A
Haploid
4
Q
Single chromosome copy
A
Haploid
5
Q
-Small circular molecules of DNA that replicate independently
-Not essential for normal metabolism, growth, or reproduction
-Can confer survival advantages
-Can be called Factors
A
Plasmids
6
Q
Eukaryotic cells are often ________ (two chromosome copies)
A
Diploid
7
Q
Extra nuclear DNA- all cells have it including Mitochondria and Chloroplasts but _____ do not.
A
RBCs
8
Q
the entire process of DNA creating a functional protein
A
gene expression
9
Q
Organisms replicate their genomes and provide copies to descendants (in the process of reproduction)
A
Vertical gene transfer
10
Q
Cells with DNA molecules that contain new nucleotide sequences
A
Recombinants
11
Q
The mixing of the chromosomes from maternal and paternal information
A
Cross-over
12
Q
Donor cell contributes part of genome to recipient cell
A
Horizontal gene transfer
13
Q
What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer
A
Transformation
Transaction
Bacterial Conjugation
14
Q
Change in the nucleotide base sequence of a genome
Rare event
Almost always deleterious
A
mutation
15
Q
What are the two types of mutations?
A
Point mutation
Frameshift Mutation
16
Q
What are the 2 types of mutations?
A
Point mutations
Frameshift Mutations
17
Q
Nucleotide triplets after the mutation are displaced
Insertions and deletions
A
Frameshift Mutations
18
Q
Most common mutation, one base pair is affected
A
Point mutation
19
Q
Name the types of mutagens
A
Radiation
Chemical
20
Q
What are the types of chemical mutagens
A
Nucleotide analogs
Nucleotide altering chemicals
Frameshift mutagens
21
Q
What are the types of radiation mutagens
A
Ionizing
non-ionizing
22
Q
Descendants of a cell that does not repair a mutation (cancer)
A
mutant
23
Q
Cells normally found in nature
A
wild types
24
Q
What are the 3 methods to recognize mutants
A
Positive selection
Negative (indirect) selection
Ames Test
25
A commonly used preliminary test to assess the potential of a chemical substance to cause mutations and have the potential to be a carcinogen
Ames test
26
Large number of identical molecules of DNA produced in vitro
Critical to amplify DNA in variety of situations
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
27
What are the goals in intentional modification of an organisms's genomes?
Eliminate undesirable phenotypic traits
Combine beneficial traits of two or more organisms
Create organisms that synthesize products humans need
28
Nucleic acid molecules that deliver a gene into a cell
Vector
29
what are the 3 a-cellular etiologic agents
Viruses, Viroids, Prions
30
Cannot carry out any metabolic pathway
Neither grow nor respond to the environment
Cannot reproduce independently
Recruit the host cell’s metabolic pathways to increase their numbers
No cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, organelles (with one exception)
Have extracellular and intracellular state
Do not respond to stimuli
Viruses
31
The extracellular state of a virus is called a
Viroid
32
What is special about the intracelluar state of a virus?
Protein coat removed, exists as a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
33
What are the 3 basic viral shapes?
Helical capsid
polyhedral capsid
complex
34
The F factor is a
plasmid
35
Heating DNA to a temperature of 94oC leads to the destabilization of hydrogen bonding between in double stranded DNA. At this temperature, DNA becomes single stranded. This process is called
denaturing
36
_______ Refers to a recombination process that uses a bacteriophage to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another
transduction
37
___________________ refers to the process of converting information in a gene into a polypeptide
gene expression
38
The order of magnitude of bacterial genomes lies in the _____________of base pairs
millions
39
The process of organisms replicating their genomes and providing copies to descendants is called _______________
vertical gene transfer
40
Which of the following is NOT a naturally occurring process that scientists use nowadays for recombinant gene technology-
a.
Transformation
b.
Conjugation
c.
Translation
d.
Transduction
c.
Translation
this refers to the process of protein synthesis based on RNA and is not a process of recombination.
41
The process of converting a nucleotide sequence in DNA into a nucleotide sequence in RNA is called _____________________________.
transcription
42
Small circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome are called ______________________________________.
plasmids
43
Hfr (high frequency of recombination) is the term for the state of bacterial cells that have _________________, and thus have the capacity to horizontally transfer genes to many cells.
the F factor incorporated into their genome
44
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease affects what?
Cerebrum
45
Kuru is associated with a ?
Burial Ritual
46
Fatal Familial Insomnia affects the what?
Thalamus
47
Gerstman-Straussler-Schwenker Syndrome affects what part of the brain?
Cerebellum
48
Chronic wasting disease occurs mainly in what animals?
Deer/Elk
49
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy occurs in what animals
Cattle
50
Scrapie affects what animals?
Sheep
51
Viral attachment always involves a viral glycoprotein and a host cell lectin with a binding site for the oligosaccharide of the viral glycoprotein. T or F
False
52
What type of entry affects which virus?
Endocytosis
Membrane fusion
Direct penetration
Enveloped viruses
Enveloped viruses
Non-enveloped viruses
53
What is the correct sequence of viral replication
Attachment
Entry
Synthesis
Assembly
Release
54
Only DNA viruses can be the cause certain cancers- T or F
True
in order to cause a mutation through insertion into a critical gene, there has to be ds DNA (like the host cell chromosomes); ssDNA or any type of RNA would not be inserted.
55
Many fungal species grow in two completely different appearances, as filaments (hyphae) or yeasts (individual cells). Organisms that have two distinctly different appearances are called _____________________
dimorphous
56
Which of the following have cell walls?
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
bacteria & fungi
57
In what group of microorganisms is sexual reproduction impossible?
Bacteria
these are haploid organisms--actually have only one chromosome, and thus cannot sexually reproduce.
58
Which of the following stages of disease is referred to by the descriptor 'prodromal'?
vague general symptoms
59
SARS-CoV2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19 is transmitted by droplets. What type of transmission is this?
Direct
60
The metabolically active stage of protozoa, also the vulnerable stage, is called
trophozoite
61
what are the 4 categories of eukaryotes?
Fungi
Protazoa
Helminths
Vectors
62
What are the following?
Binary Fission
Budding
Postponed cytokinesis
methods of asexual reproduction
63
Multiple mitoses processes due to reproduction of nuclei and then one split. Found in plasmodium species which cause malaria
asexual reproduction by multiple fission, found in some protozoa, especially parasitic sporozoans.
Schizogony
64
What are the major significance of Fungi?
-Decompose dead organisms and recycle their nutrients
-Help plants absorb water and minerals
-Used for food and in manufacture of foods and beverages
-Produce antibiotics
-Serve as important research tools
-30% cause diseases of plants, animals, and humans
-Can spoil fruit, pickles, jams, and jellies
65
A bunch of Hyphae are called?
Mycelium
66
Most Fungi are Saprobes. What does that mean?
Consume dead biomass
67
Series of buds that remain attached to one another and to parent cell is called what?
Pseudohypha
68
have a true nucleus with a double membrane surrounding the DNA
Eukaryotic
69
do not aggregate into larger organisms
Unicellular
70
Require moist environments
Most live in ponds, streams, lakes, and oceans
Others live in moist soil, beach sand, and decaying organic matter (saprobes)
Very few are pathogens
Distribution of Protozoa
71
non-motile protozoan formation is called?
Toxoplasma
72
do not die without oxygen but can not function or reproduce.
Strict aerobes- Protozoa
73
Helminths are spilt into 2 groups. What are they?
Platyhelminths (flatworms)
Nematodes (round worms)
74
Both organisms benefit from relationship
Mutualism
75
One organism benefits from relationship, the other is not harmed nor benefited
Commensalism
76
One organism is benefitted while the other organism is harmed
Parasitism
77
refers to the totality of the genetic makeup that is the entire ecosystem
Microbiome
78
Similar community throughout life
Varies with host
Mostly commensal
resident microbiota
79
What are the two kinds of microbiota
Resident
Transient
80
In/on the body for short period
Found in the same regions as resident microbiota
Disappear because of
-Competition
-Elimination
-Chemical or physical changes
Transient Microbiota
81
Initiated during birthing process
Mostly established during first months of life
When children are born via C-section common practice is to expose the child so they can grow a microbiota
Acquisition of normal microbiota
82
What are the oppotunities for normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens
Introduction to an unusual site
Changes in normal microbiota ecosystem (ex. Antibiotics)
Immunocompromised state= chemo/radiation
83
Sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection
Reservoirs of infection
84
Infected individuals who are asymptomatic but infective to others
Human carriers
85
Soil, water, and food can be reservoirs of infection
Often due to contamination by feces or urine
length of life can be prolonged by going into the cyst stage
Non-living resevoirs
86
Place where pathogens can survive moving from animal to humans either by direct contact or in contact with their waste
Animal Resevoirs
87
The mere presence of microbes (in or on the body)
Contamination
88
Organism multiplies, and becomes established in the body
Infection
89
What are the 4 major pathways that pathogens can enter the body
Skin
Mucous Membranes
Placenta
Parenteral route
90
results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions
Disease
91
is the invasion of the host by a pathogen
Infection
92
also referred to as Morbidity
disease
93
Ability of a microorganism to cause disease
Pathogenicity
94
Degree of pathogenicity
How few organisms does it take to cause disease
Virulence
95
Virulence factors contribute to virulence
Adhesion factors
Biofilms
Extracellular enzymes
Toxins
Antiphagocytic factors
96
refers to toxins in the bloodstream that are carried beyond the site of infection
Toxemia
97
There are two types of toxins, one is gram positive, one is gram negative. What are they?
Pos- Endotoxin
Neg- Exotoxin
98
Factors prevent phagocytosis by the host’s phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages)
Antiphagocytic factors
99
Name two Antiphagocytic factors
Bacterial capsule
Antiphagocytic chemicals
100
what are the 5 stages of infection?
Incubation period
Prodromal Period
Illness
Decline
Convalescence
101
What are the 3 methods of disease transmission?
Contact
Vehicle
Vector
102
Direct, indirect, or droplet (less than 3’) disease transmission
Contact
103
Airborne, waterborne, or foodborne disease transmission
Vehicle
104
Biological (mosquitos) or mechanical (contaminated needles) disease transmission
Vector
105
Refers to hospital acquired infections (drug resistant infections)
Nosocomial Infections
