Immunology Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Gelatin-like polysaccharide from marine algae
A
Agar
2
Q
Visible growth of a clone on an agar plate
A
Colony
3
Q
Acronym for six “superbugs” that are difficult to treat and cause many hospital-acquired infections
A
ESKAPE
4
Q
Grows best at or near pH 7
A
Neutrophile
5
Q
Organism that thrives in low oxygen environments
A
Microaerophile
6
Q
inanimate object that may harbor microbes and aid in their transmission
A
Fomite
7
Q
First antibiotic discovered, inhibits cell wall synthesis
A
Penicillin
8
Q
Cell wall polysaccharide requiring nitrogen
A
peptidoglycan
9
Q
May spoil food in the refrigerator
A
Psychrophile
10
Q
Etiologic agents of infectious diseases has two categories. What are they?
A
Cellular
A-celluar
11
Q
Cellular etiologic agents can be broken into two categories. What are they?
A
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes (bacteria)
12
Q
What are the 3 types of Eukaryotes?
A
Helminths (worms)
Protozoa
Fungi
13
Q
Helmiths and protozoa are also known as?
A
Parasites
14
Q
A-cellular etiologic agents of infectious disease are?
A
Viruses
Viroids
Prions
15
Q
Humans, animals, fungi, slime molds, and plants are all classified as?
A
Eukarya
16
Q
What are the 3 groups in the phylogenetic tree of life?
A
Bacteria, Archaea, and eukarya
17
Q
Which phylogenetic tree of life includes no pathogens and is prokaryotic?
A
Archaea (no found in human microbe)
18
Q
What are the fundamental componets found in all cells?
A
Cytosol
Plasma membrane
One or more chromosomes
Ribosomes
19
Q
Spherical prokaryotic cell shape
A
Coccus (cocci)
20
Q
Rod porkaryotic cell shape
A
Bacillus (bacilli)
21
Q
Curved rod prokaryotic cell shape
A
Vibrio (vibrios)
22
Q
Short rod prokaryote shape
A
Coccobacillus (coccobacilli)
23
Q
Spiral cell prokaryote shape
A
Spirillum (sprilla)
24
Q
long loose helical spiral cell prokaryote shape
A
Spirochete (spirochetes)
25
Single coccus
Coccus
26
Pair of two cocci
Diplococcus (diplococci)
27
Grouping of four cells arranged in a square
Tetrad (tetrads)
28
Chain of cocci
Streptococcus (streptococci)
29
Cluster of Cocci
Staphylococcus (staphylococci)
30
chain of rods
Streptobacillus (streptobacilli)
31
Mostly found in bacteria
Never contain critical information
antibiotic resistance is usually located here
Plasmid
32
One chromosome (haploid)
Chromosome is circular
Nucleoid
33
function is target of certain antibiotics
"70s"
ribosomes
34
Storage of certain nutrients in polymerized form
Inclusions aka inclusion bodies
35
Found in the dormant stage of gram-positive bacteria
Resistant to common methods of sterilization
Endospores
36
function is to protect from harsh conditions and osmotic pressure
Inhibited by antibiotics such as penicillin
Bacterial Cell Wall
37
Gram-positive bacteria will turn ______ in gram staining
Purple
38
Gram-negative bacteria will turn what color in gram staining
Pink
39
In essence gram-positive type cell wall with a layer of mycolic acids (wax-like substance) that prevents staining (needs a harsher substance to stain it)
Acid-Fast Cell Wall
40
High susceptibility to penicillin
Gram-positive
41
High susceptibility to Lysoszymes
gram positive
42
High Susceptibility to lysis by complement
gram-negative
43
High Sensitivity to heat and disinfectants
Gram-negative
44
Which bacterial cell wall gram type contains endotoxins?
Gram-negative
45
Which gram cell wall type has a higher possibility of containing exotoxins?
Gram-positive
46
Which bacterial cell wall type contains teichoic acid?
Gram-positive
47
glycocalyces can form two things on a cell that can be seen on a slide. What are they?
Capsule
Slime layer
48
Sticky, bristle-like appendages (made of protein)
Usually many
Biofilm formation
fimbriae
49
Hollow tubes (made of protein) that connects cells
Pili
50
Used to distinguish cells by cell-wall type
uses crystal violet, gram's iodine, ethanol, and safranin
Gram Stain
51
Used to distinguish acid-fast bacteria such as M. Tuberculosis form non-acid fast cells
Acid-fast stain
52
Used to distinguish organisms with endospores from those without; used to study the endospore
Uses heat to stain
Endospore stain
53
Used to view and study flagella in bacteria that have them.
Coated with tannic acid or potassium then stained using pararosaline or basic fuchsin
Flagella Stain
54
Used to distinguish cells with capsules from those without
Negative staining with India ink; leaves a clear area of the cell and the capsule
Capsule stain
55
Sometimes cells cannot completely oxidize glucose by cellular respiration
No oxygen
Lack of gene(s) for proteins of TCA cycle and/or ETC and/or ATP synthesis
Cells require constant source of NAD+
What metabolic process occurs?
Fementation
56
CO2 is not acidic but it reacts with _________ to form acid during fermentation?
Water
57
when fermentation occurs what happens?
The pH drops
58
API is what?
Analytical Profile Index
59
What are the two growth requirements?
Chemical and Physical
60
Makes up 99% of an organism?
C H N O P S
61
Grows in strictly high oxygen concentrations
Obligate Aerobes
62
Grows in strictly low to no oxygen concentrations
Obligate anaerobes
63
Anabolism/growth of microbes often ceases because of insufficient _________
The inorgainc version of this is toxic in high levels
Peptidoglycan use this to form their thick protective layers
Nitrogen
64
Necessary organic chemicals that cannot be synthesized by certain organisms
Growth Factors
65
What are the 3 physical growth requirements?
Temperature
pH
Osmolarity
66
If too low, membranes become rigid and fragile
If too high, membranes become too fluid
Temperature
67
What is temperature optimum?
Where the culture grows the fastest
68
What are the 4 categories of microbes based on temperature from cold to hot?
Psychrophiles (10 C)- can multiply in the fridge
Mesophiles (30-40 C) Pathogens
Thermophiles (60-70C) Compost, hot springs
Hyperthermophiles (90-100C) Very hot springs and deep sea vents
69
What type of pathogens affect humans due to our internal temp of 37C?
Mesophiles
70
Most cells die in the absence of?
Water
71
Time required for a bacterial cell to grow and divide
Is dependent on chemical and physical conditions
Generation time
72
Bacteria adapting to growth conditions, no growth occuring
Lag phase
73
Highest growth rate (also called exponential phase)
Log Phase
74
Number of new bacteria is equal to number of dying bacteria: culture is starting to run out of the growth limiting nutrient (often N)
Stationary Phase
75
No more cell division, but rapid decline in cell number due to cell death
Death (decline) phase
76
What are the targets of antimicrobial methods?
Cell wall
Cell Membrane
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
77
Most resistant to destruction. Not a microbe. Misfolded protein similar to a virus. Technically not alive.
Prions
78
What are the physical methods of microbial control?
Temperature
pH
Osmotic Pressure
Filtration
Radiation
79
What happens to the boiling point of water as altitude increases?
Why does this mean for microbes?
Boiling point decreases
Water needs to be heated beyond boiling point to reach temp that kills microbes
80
Freeze drying, flash freezing under a vacuum is called what?
Lyophilization
81
What are the two types of radiation used to control microbes?
Ionizing radiation
UV
82
What is the name of the circle formed in cultures where no microbes grow and determines how effective the antiseptic is?
zone of inhibition
83
What is the only type of antimicrobial drug that covers two spectrums?
Sulfa drugs
84
Antibiotics work against?
Prokaryotes (gram positive and negative, Chlamydias, mycobacteria
85
A drugs effectiveness against numerous organisms can be described as what two ways?
Narrow-Spectrum and Broad-spectrum
86
What does penicillin do?
Breaks down the bacterial cell wall
87
What are the ways antibacterial drugs work?
1. Breaks down cell wall
2. Inhibits ribosome ability
3. Affects the structure of cell membranes
4.Inhibits DNA synthesis/replication
5.Inhibits specific metabolic pathways
88
What mechanisms do drug resistant bacteria use?
1. inactivation of antibiotic through enzymes
2. Blocks cell penetration
3. Changes shape of receptor. Antibiotic can no longer fit
4. Can pump antibiotic out of cell
89
"superbugs"
Carry more than one resistance mechanism
Multidrug-resistant Microbes (MDRs)
90
One resistance mechanism confers resistance to multiple drugs
Cross Resistance
91
________ is defined as the destruction of all microorganisms and viruses in or on an object
Sterilization
92
Which of the following is NOT a target of antimicrobial methods?
Capsule
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleic Acids
Capsule
93
Sterilizing, using moist heat at elevated pressure, which keeps water liquid is called ________
autoclaving
94
True or False-
Among etiologic agents of disease, bacterial endospores are some of the most difficult to kill forms of life.
True
95
Which form of radiation is recommended to keep surfaces sterile?
UV radiation
96
What method can be used to sterilize a solution of heat sensitive biomolecules would you recommend?
Membrane filtration
97
True or False-
Microbes can be controlled by removing water (drying), as life requires water.
True
98
The disk diffusion method can be used to assess the
effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants
99
What is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug?
It is effective against many different microorganisms
100
What does penicillin target?
The cell wall
101
List the mechanisms of drug resistance
Efflux pumps that remove the antimicrobial drug
Inactivation of antimicrobial drugs by enzymes
Blocking of entry of antimicrobial drug into the microbial cell
modification of the target of the antimicrobial drug
102
in This phase of growth a microbial population adapts to the growth conditions
Lag phase
103
Microareophiles are organisms that thrive in
low oxygen concentrations
104
why is nitrogen more likely the growth limiting factor in bacterial cultures than in culture of other types of cells?
Because the cell wall requires nitrogen
105
Most microorganisms that are human pathogens are
mesophiles
106
the best method for longterm preservation of microbial cultures is
lyophilization
107
what are the two direct methods to measure microbial growth?
Microscopic count
Viable plate count
108
How do spectrophotometric measuring and number of cell/mL correlate?
The higher the absorbance, the higher the number of cell/mL
