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Immunology/Microbiology > Immunology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Immunology Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gelatin-like polysaccharide from marine algae

A

Agar

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2
Q

Visible growth of a clone on an agar plate

A

Colony

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3
Q

Acronym for six “superbugs” that are difficult to treat and cause many hospital-acquired infections

A

ESKAPE

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4
Q

Grows best at or near pH 7

A

Neutrophile

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5
Q

Organism that thrives in low oxygen environments

A

Microaerophile

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6
Q

inanimate object that may harbor microbes and aid in their transmission

A

Fomite

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7
Q

First antibiotic discovered, inhibits cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillin

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8
Q

Cell wall polysaccharide requiring nitrogen

A

peptidoglycan

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9
Q

May spoil food in the refrigerator

A

Psychrophile

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10
Q

Etiologic agents of infectious diseases has two categories. What are they?

A

Cellular
A-celluar

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11
Q

Cellular etiologic agents can be broken into two categories. What are they?

A

Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes (bacteria)

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of Eukaryotes?

A

Helminths (worms)
Protozoa
Fungi

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13
Q

Helmiths and protozoa are also known as?

A

Parasites

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14
Q

A-cellular etiologic agents of infectious disease are?

A

Viruses
Viroids
Prions

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15
Q

Humans, animals, fungi, slime molds, and plants are all classified as?

A

Eukarya

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16
Q

What are the 3 groups in the phylogenetic tree of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and eukarya

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17
Q

Which phylogenetic tree of life includes no pathogens and is prokaryotic?

A

Archaea (no found in human microbe)

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18
Q

What are the fundamental componets found in all cells?

A

Cytosol
Plasma membrane
One or more chromosomes
Ribosomes

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19
Q

Spherical prokaryotic cell shape

A

Coccus (cocci)

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20
Q

Rod porkaryotic cell shape

A

Bacillus (bacilli)

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21
Q

Curved rod prokaryotic cell shape

A

Vibrio (vibrios)

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22
Q

Short rod prokaryote shape

A

Coccobacillus (coccobacilli)

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23
Q

Spiral cell prokaryote shape

A

Spirillum (sprilla)

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24
Q

long loose helical spiral cell prokaryote shape

A

Spirochete (spirochetes)

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25
Q

Single coccus

A

Coccus

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26
Q

Pair of two cocci

A

Diplococcus (diplococci)

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27
Q

Grouping of four cells arranged in a square

A

Tetrad (tetrads)

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28
Q

Chain of cocci

A

Streptococcus (streptococci)

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29
Q

Cluster of Cocci

A

Staphylococcus (staphylococci)

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30
Q

chain of rods

A

Streptobacillus (streptobacilli)

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31
Q

Mostly found in bacteria
Never contain critical information
antibiotic resistance is usually located here

A

Plasmid

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32
Q

One chromosome (haploid)
Chromosome is circular

A

Nucleoid

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33
Q

function is target of certain antibiotics
“70s”

A

ribosomes

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34
Q

Storage of certain nutrients in polymerized form

A

Inclusions aka inclusion bodies

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35
Q

Found in the dormant stage of gram-positive bacteria
Resistant to common methods of sterilization

A

Endospores

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36
Q

function is to protect from harsh conditions and osmotic pressure
Inhibited by antibiotics such as penicillin

A

Bacterial Cell Wall

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37
Q

Gram-positive bacteria will turn ______ in gram staining

A

Purple

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38
Q

Gram-negative bacteria will turn what color in gram staining

A

Pink

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39
Q

In essence gram-positive type cell wall with a layer of mycolic acids (wax-like substance) that prevents staining (needs a harsher substance to stain it)

A

Acid-Fast Cell Wall

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40
Q

High susceptibility to penicillin

A

Gram-positive

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41
Q

High susceptibility to Lysoszymes

A

gram positive

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42
Q

High Susceptibility to lysis by complement

A

gram-negative

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43
Q

High Sensitivity to heat and disinfectants

A

Gram-negative

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44
Q

Which bacterial cell wall gram type contains endotoxins?

A

Gram-negative

45
Q

Which gram cell wall type has a higher possibility of containing exotoxins?

A

Gram-positive

46
Q

Which bacterial cell wall type contains teichoic acid?

A

Gram-positive

47
Q

glycocalyces can form two things on a cell that can be seen on a slide. What are they?

A

Capsule
Slime layer

48
Q

Sticky, bristle-like appendages (made of protein)
Usually many
Biofilm formation

A

fimbriae

49
Q

Hollow tubes (made of protein) that connects cells

A

Pili

50
Q

Used to distinguish cells by cell-wall type
uses crystal violet, gram’s iodine, ethanol, and safranin

A

Gram Stain

51
Q

Used to distinguish acid-fast bacteria such as M. Tuberculosis form non-acid fast cells

A

Acid-fast stain

52
Q

Used to distinguish organisms with endospores from those without; used to study the endospore
Uses heat to stain

A

Endospore stain

53
Q

Used to view and study flagella in bacteria that have them.
Coated with tannic acid or potassium then stained using pararosaline or basic fuchsin

A

Flagella Stain

54
Q

Used to distinguish cells with capsules from those without
Negative staining with India ink; leaves a clear area of the cell and the capsule

A

Capsule stain

55
Q

Sometimes cells cannot completely oxidize glucose by cellular respiration
No oxygen
Lack of gene(s) for proteins of TCA cycle and/or ETC and/or ATP synthesis
Cells require constant source of NAD+
What metabolic process occurs?

A

Fementation

56
Q

CO2 is not acidic but it reacts with _________ to form acid during fermentation?

A

Water

57
Q

when fermentation occurs what happens?

A

The pH drops

58
Q

API is what?

A

Analytical Profile Index

59
Q

What are the two growth requirements?

A

Chemical and Physical

60
Q

Makes up 99% of an organism?

A

C H N O P S

61
Q

Grows in strictly high oxygen concentrations

A

Obligate Aerobes

62
Q

Grows in strictly low to no oxygen concentrations

A

Obligate anaerobes

63
Q

Anabolism/growth of microbes often ceases because of insufficient _________
The inorgainc version of this is toxic in high levels
Peptidoglycan use this to form their thick protective layers

A

Nitrogen

64
Q

Necessary organic chemicals that cannot be synthesized by certain organisms

A

Growth Factors

65
Q

What are the 3 physical growth requirements?

A

Temperature
pH
Osmolarity

66
Q

If too low, membranes become rigid and fragile
If too high, membranes become too fluid

A

Temperature

67
Q

What is temperature optimum?

A

Where the culture grows the fastest

68
Q

What are the 4 categories of microbes based on temperature from cold to hot?

A

Psychrophiles (10 C)- can multiply in the fridge
Mesophiles (30-40 C) Pathogens
Thermophiles (60-70C) Compost, hot springs
Hyperthermophiles (90-100C) Very hot springs and deep sea vents

69
Q

What type of pathogens affect humans due to our internal temp of 37C?

A

Mesophiles

70
Q

Most cells die in the absence of?

A

Water

71
Q

Time required for a bacterial cell to grow and divide
Is dependent on chemical and physical conditions

A

Generation time

72
Q

Bacteria adapting to growth conditions, no growth occuring

A

Lag phase

73
Q

Highest growth rate (also called exponential phase)

A

Log Phase

74
Q

Number of new bacteria is equal to number of dying bacteria: culture is starting to run out of the growth limiting nutrient (often N)

A

Stationary Phase

75
Q

No more cell division, but rapid decline in cell number due to cell death

A

Death (decline) phase

76
Q

What are the targets of antimicrobial methods?

A

Cell wall
Cell Membrane
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

77
Q

Most resistant to destruction. Not a microbe. Misfolded protein similar to a virus. Technically not alive.

A

Prions

78
Q

What are the physical methods of microbial control?

A

Temperature
pH
Osmotic Pressure
Filtration
Radiation

79
Q

What happens to the boiling point of water as altitude increases?
Why does this mean for microbes?

A

Boiling point decreases
Water needs to be heated beyond boiling point to reach temp that kills microbes

80
Q

Freeze drying, flash freezing under a vacuum is called what?

A

Lyophilization

81
Q

What are the two types of radiation used to control microbes?

A

Ionizing radiation
UV

82
Q

What is the name of the circle formed in cultures where no microbes grow and determines how effective the antiseptic is?

A

zone of inhibition

83
Q

What is the only type of antimicrobial drug that covers two spectrums?

A

Sulfa drugs

84
Q

Antibiotics work against?

A

Prokaryotes (gram positive and negative, Chlamydias, mycobacteria

85
Q

A drugs effectiveness against numerous organisms can be described as what two ways?

A

Narrow-Spectrum and Broad-spectrum

86
Q

What does penicillin do?

A

Breaks down the bacterial cell wall

87
Q

What are the ways antibacterial drugs work?

A
  1. Breaks down cell wall
  2. Inhibits ribosome ability
  3. Affects the structure of cell membranes
    4.Inhibits DNA synthesis/replication
    5.Inhibits specific metabolic pathways
88
Q

What mechanisms do drug resistant bacteria use?

A
  1. inactivation of antibiotic through enzymes
  2. Blocks cell penetration
  3. Changes shape of receptor. Antibiotic can no longer fit
  4. Can pump antibiotic out of cell
89
Q

“superbugs”
Carry more than one resistance mechanism

A

Multidrug-resistant Microbes (MDRs)

90
Q

One resistance mechanism confers resistance to multiple drugs

A

Cross Resistance

91
Q

________ is defined as the destruction of all microorganisms and viruses in or on an object

A

Sterilization

92
Q

Which of the following is NOT a target of antimicrobial methods?
Capsule
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleic Acids

A

Capsule

93
Q

Sterilizing, using moist heat at elevated pressure, which keeps water liquid is called ________

A

autoclaving

94
Q

True or False-
Among etiologic agents of disease, bacterial endospores are some of the most difficult to kill forms of life.

A

True

95
Q

Which form of radiation is recommended to keep surfaces sterile?

A

UV radiation

96
Q

What method can be used to sterilize a solution of heat sensitive biomolecules would you recommend?

A

Membrane filtration

97
Q

True or False-
Microbes can be controlled by removing water (drying), as life requires water.

A

True

98
Q

The disk diffusion method can be used to assess the

A

effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants

99
Q

What is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug?

A

It is effective against many different microorganisms

100
Q

What does penicillin target?

A

The cell wall

101
Q

List the mechanisms of drug resistance

A

Efflux pumps that remove the antimicrobial drug
Inactivation of antimicrobial drugs by enzymes
Blocking of entry of antimicrobial drug into the microbial cell
modification of the target of the antimicrobial drug

102
Q

in This phase of growth a microbial population adapts to the growth conditions

A

Lag phase

103
Q

Microareophiles are organisms that thrive in

A

low oxygen concentrations

104
Q

why is nitrogen more likely the growth limiting factor in bacterial cultures than in culture of other types of cells?

A

Because the cell wall requires nitrogen

105
Q

Most microorganisms that are human pathogens are

A

mesophiles

106
Q

the best method for longterm preservation of microbial cultures is

A

lyophilization

107
Q

what are the two direct methods to measure microbial growth?

A

Microscopic count
Viable plate count

108
Q

How do spectrophotometric measuring and number of cell/mL correlate?

A

The higher the absorbance, the higher the number of cell/mL

Immunology/Microbiology (2 decks)

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