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Immunology > Immunology Exam 1 (Intro to innate/adaptive) > Flashcards

Immunology Exam 1 (Intro to innate/adaptive) Flashcards

1
Q

Foreign substances that induce a host response

A

Antigens

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2
Q

Attenuation

A

Making a pathogen less virulent (through heat, aging, or chemical means)

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3
Q

Condition of being resistant to infection

A

Immunity

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4
Q

Innate immunity

A

Nonspecific - responses all the same
Prior exposure not required
Immediate effect
No memory generated
AKA natural immunity

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5
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific for each individual pathogen
Memory is generated and increased response upon repeated exposure

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6
Q

True or False: WBCs play a role in both adaptive and innate immunity

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Primary function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis and destruction of foreign particles

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8
Q

Functions of eosinophils

A

Phagocytosis
Neutralization during allergic reactions
Kills parasites
Releases cytokines

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9
Q

Functions of basophils

A

Releases histamine that induce and maintain allergic reactions

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10
Q

Monocytes vs macrophage

A

Monocytes in peripheral blood
Macrophages originate from monocytes but found in tissues

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11
Q

How do macrophages function in both innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate - phagocytosis, anti-tumor cell activity, secretion of cell mediators
Adaptive - present antigens to T cells and produce cytokines that regulate immune responses

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12
Q

Mast Cells

A

Resemble basophils but are found in tissues; induce and maintain allergic reactions, are APCs

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13
Q

Major type of innate lymphoid cell

A

NK cells

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14
Q

What CD markers do NK cells have?

A

CD16 and CD56

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15
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells

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16
Q

What MHC class do NK cells recognize?

A

MHC class I

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17
Q

What is the most effective antigen-presenting cell?

A

Dendritic cells

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18
Q

What is a dendritic cell?

A

Type of macrophage; APC
Roles in both innate and adaptive immunity
Most potent phagocytic cell

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19
Q

B cell surface markers

A

Surface Ig, CD19, CD20, CD21, MHC Class II

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20
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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21
Q

What do B cells differentiate into after contacting an antigen?

A

Plasma cells

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22
Q

What is the major role of B cells?

A

Antibody production

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23
Q

Plasma cells

A

Secrete antibodies (used to be B cells)

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24
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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25
Q

What CD marker do ALL T cells have?

A

CD3+

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26
Q

What CD markers are found on helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and Cytotoxic T cells?

A

Helper T: CD4+, CD3+
Regulatory T: CD4+, CD3+
Cytotoxic T: CD8+, CD3+

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27
Q

What do regulatory T cells do?

A

Inhibit immune responses

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28
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Destroy tumor cells and virus-infected cells (Part of adaptive immunity)

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29
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

Produce cytokines that stimulate B cells in antibody production; assist other T cells in cell-mediated immunity

30
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow and Thymus

31
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
MALT
CALT

32
Q

T/F: secondary lymphoid organs increase the probability of an immune response

A

True

33
Q

Red pulp vs white pulp in the spleen

A

Red pulp: rich in macrophage, destroys old RBCs

White pulp: contains T cells and B cells

34
Q

Where are B cells and T cells found in the lymph nodes?

A

B cells: follicles within the cortex
T cells: paracortex

35
Q

What occurs in the secondary follicles of the lymph nodes?

A

B cell transformation; forms plasma cells and memory cells

36
Q

MALT

A

found on mucosal surfaces of GI, respiratory, and urogenital tract which is the main port of entry for antigens.
Numerous macrophage and lymphs present
EX: Peyer’s patches, appendix, tonsils

37
Q

CALT

A

T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells found on skin

38
Q

Defenses against infection that immediately act when a host is attacked by a pathogen

A

Innate immune system

39
Q

What two systems work to promote phagocytosis in the innate immune system?

A

Internal and external defense systems

40
Q

Composed of physical, chemical, and biological barriers that work together to prevent infection from entering the body

A

External defense system of the innate immune system

41
Q

How does the skin contribute to the innate immune system?

A

Part of the external defense system; contains psoriasin (antibacterial), skin pH of 5.6 due to lactic acid and fatty acids, dermis and epidermis contain various cells and glands that contribute as well

42
Q

How does the respiratory tract contribute to the innate immune system?

A

Part of the external defense system; cilliated epithelial cells help to trap bacteria and cough/sneeze them out, mucous secretions contain surfactants that block bacteria

43
Q

How does the urinary and digestive tract contribute to the innate immune system?

A

Part of the external defense system; urine flushes bacteria out of the tract and vagina has low pH due to lactic acid; and stomach acid at a ph of 1 and normal flora in gut prevent bacterial growth

44
Q

How do tears and saliva contribute to the innate immune system?

A

Contain lysozyme which attacks cell wall of gram positive bacteria

45
Q

What 5 things are part of the internal defense system of the innate immune system?

A
  1. PRRs (pathogen-recognition receptors)
  2. APRs (acute phase reactants)
  3. NK cells
  4. Inflammation
  5. Phagocytosis
46
Q

What cells are PRRs found on and what is the importance of them?

A

Macrophage, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, T cells, mast cells, epithelial cells

When bound to a pathogen they activate phagocytic cells

47
Q

What do PRRs recognize?

A

PAMPS

48
Q

What are types of PRRs?

A

TLRs, CLRs, RLRs, and NLRs

49
Q

What are acute phase reactants?

A

Soluble factors found in serum that increase rapidly in response to infection/inflammation to increase contact between microbes and phagocytic cells, recycle important proteins and minerals during inflammation - part of innate internal defense system

50
Q

What are types of acute phase reactants? What are their functions/roles?

A

C-reactive protein - opsonization, complement activation
Serum amyloid A - activates monocytes and macrophages
Alpha1-antitrypsin - protease inhibitor
Fibrinogen - clot formation
Haptoglobin - binds hemoglobin
Ceruloplasmin - binds copper and oxidizes iron
Complement C3 - opsonization, lysis

51
Q

What two acute phase reactants increase the most during inflammation?

A

CRP and Serum amyloid A

52
Q

Cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation

A

Swelling (edema)
Redness (erythema)
Heat
Pain

53
Q

What cells are most involved in phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils, macrophage, monocytes, dendritic cells

54
Q

where are PAMPS found? Where are PRRs found?

A

PAMPS - found on bacteria
PRRs - found on human host cells

55
Q

What is the mechanism of NK cells when it comes to killing cells?

A

If MHC Class I is present on the cell, NK cells will not kill the cell.
If MHC Class I is NOT present on the cell, NK cells will kill the cell

56
Q

Cell mediated immunity vs humoral immunity

A

Cell mediated - T cells are key component
Humoral immunity - B cells and antibodies are key component

57
Q

Double negative stage of T cell differentiation

A

CD8 and CD4 negative; occurs in the outer cortex of the thymus

58
Q

Double positive stage of T cell differentiation

A

Express both CD4 and CD8; positive and negative selection occurs

59
Q

What is positive and negative selection?

A

Thymocytes that recognize MHC antigens will survive (positive selection)
Thymocytes that fail to bind to MHC antigens or react too strongly will be destroyed (negative selection)

60
Q

Th1 cells vs Th2 cells

A

Th1: activate cytotoxic lymphocytes and macrophages
Th2: regulate B cell activity

61
Q

What do T reg cells express?

A

CD4 and CD25

62
Q

What do T reg cells do?

A

Secrete inhibitory cytokines to inhibit proliferation of other T cell populations

63
Q

Pro B cells

A

Has no BCR or heavy/light chains; the stage directly after a stem cell

64
Q

Pre B cells

A

Contain heavy u chains of IgM class and a pre-BCR with short alpha and beta chains

65
Q

Immature B cells

A

Has a functional BCR with two light and heavy chains; can become mature if it recognizes self vs non self
Contains: Class II MHC, CD40, CD21

66
Q

Mature B cells

A

Develop in the spleen
Exhibit IgM and IgD
Can become plasma cells or memory cells

67
Q

Marginal B cells

A

Remain in the spleen; respond quickly to bloodborne pathogens

68
Q

Follicular B cells

A

Migrate to lymph nodes and other secondary organs and recirculate

69
Q

What do plasma cells have on their surface?

A

CD138 and CD38

70
Q

Where are plasma cells found and what do they do?

A

Bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid organs; produce antibodies and contain cytoplasmic Ig but no surface Ig

Immunology (6 decks)

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