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Immunology Exam 1 (Intro to innate/adaptive) Flashcards

1
Q

Foreign substances that induce a host response

A

Antigens

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2
Q

Attenuation

A

Making a pathogen less virulent (through heat, aging, or chemical means)

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3
Q

Condition of being resistant to infection

A

Immunity

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4
Q

Innate immunity

A

Nonspecific - responses all the same
Prior exposure not required
Immediate effect
No memory generated
AKA natural immunity

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5
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific for each individual pathogen
Memory is generated and increased response upon repeated exposure

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6
Q

True or False: WBCs play a role in both adaptive and innate immunity

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Primary function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis and destruction of foreign particles

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8
Q

Functions of eosinophils

A

Phagocytosis
Neutralization during allergic reactions
Kills parasites
Releases cytokines

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9
Q

Functions of basophils

A

Releases histamine that induce and maintain allergic reactions

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10
Q

Monocytes vs macrophage

A

Monocytes in peripheral blood
Macrophages originate from monocytes but found in tissues

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11
Q

How do macrophages function in both innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate - phagocytosis, anti-tumor cell activity, secretion of cell mediators
Adaptive - present antigens to T cells and produce cytokines that regulate immune responses

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12
Q

Mast Cells

A

Resemble basophils but are found in tissues; induce and maintain allergic reactions, are APCs

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13
Q

Major type of innate lymphoid cell

A

NK cells

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14
Q

What CD markers do NK cells have?

A

CD16 and CD56

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15
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells

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16
Q

What MHC class do NK cells recognize?

A

MHC class I

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17
Q

What is the most effective antigen-presenting cell?

A

Dendritic cells

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18
Q

What is a dendritic cell?

A

Type of macrophage; APC
Roles in both innate and adaptive immunity
Most potent phagocytic cell

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19
Q

B cell surface markers

A

Surface Ig, CD19, CD20, CD21, MHC Class II

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20
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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21
Q

What do B cells differentiate into after contacting an antigen?

A

Plasma cells

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22
Q

What is the major role of B cells?

A

Antibody production

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23
Q

Plasma cells

A

Secrete antibodies (used to be B cells)

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24
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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25
What CD marker do ALL T cells have?
CD3+
26
What CD markers are found on helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and Cytotoxic T cells?
Helper T: CD4+, CD3+ Regulatory T: CD4+, CD3+ Cytotoxic T: CD8+, CD3+
27
What do regulatory T cells do?
Inhibit immune responses
28
What do cytotoxic T cells do?
Destroy tumor cells and virus-infected cells (Part of adaptive immunity)
29
What do helper T cells do?
Produce cytokines that stimulate B cells in antibody production; assist other T cells in cell-mediated immunity
30
Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow and Thymus
31
Secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen Lymph nodes MALT CALT
32
T/F: secondary lymphoid organs increase the probability of an immune response
True
33
Red pulp vs white pulp in the spleen
Red pulp: rich in macrophage, destroys old RBCs White pulp: contains T cells and B cells
34
Where are B cells and T cells found in the lymph nodes?
B cells: follicles within the cortex T cells: paracortex
35
What occurs in the secondary follicles of the lymph nodes?
B cell transformation; forms plasma cells and memory cells
36
MALT
found on mucosal surfaces of GI, respiratory, and urogenital tract which is the main port of entry for antigens. Numerous macrophage and lymphs present EX: Peyer's patches, appendix, tonsils
37
CALT
T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells found on skin
38
Defenses against infection that immediately act when a host is attacked by a pathogen
Innate immune system
39
What two systems work to promote phagocytosis in the innate immune system?
Internal and external defense systems
40
Composed of physical, chemical, and biological barriers that work together to prevent infection from entering the body
External defense system of the innate immune system
41
How does the skin contribute to the innate immune system?
Part of the external defense system; contains psoriasin (antibacterial), skin pH of 5.6 due to lactic acid and fatty acids, dermis and epidermis contain various cells and glands that contribute as well
42
How does the respiratory tract contribute to the innate immune system?
Part of the external defense system; cilliated epithelial cells help to trap bacteria and cough/sneeze them out, mucous secretions contain surfactants that block bacteria
43
How does the urinary and digestive tract contribute to the innate immune system?
Part of the external defense system; urine flushes bacteria out of the tract and vagina has low pH due to lactic acid; and stomach acid at a ph of 1 and normal flora in gut prevent bacterial growth
44
How do tears and saliva contribute to the innate immune system?
Contain lysozyme which attacks cell wall of gram positive bacteria
45
What 5 things are part of the internal defense system of the innate immune system?
1. PRRs (pathogen-recognition receptors) 2. APRs (acute phase reactants) 3. NK cells 4. Inflammation 5. Phagocytosis
46
What cells are PRRs found on and what is the importance of them?
Macrophage, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, T cells, mast cells, epithelial cells When bound to a pathogen they activate phagocytic cells
47
What do PRRs recognize?
PAMPS
48
What are types of PRRs?
TLRs, CLRs, RLRs, and NLRs
49
What are acute phase reactants?
Soluble factors found in serum that increase rapidly in response to infection/inflammation to increase contact between microbes and phagocytic cells, recycle important proteins and minerals during inflammation - part of innate internal defense system
50
What are types of acute phase reactants? What are their functions/roles?
C-reactive protein - opsonization, complement activation Serum amyloid A - activates monocytes and macrophages Alpha1-antitrypsin - protease inhibitor Fibrinogen - clot formation Haptoglobin - binds hemoglobin Ceruloplasmin - binds copper and oxidizes iron Complement C3 - opsonization, lysis
51
What two acute phase reactants increase the most during inflammation?
CRP and Serum amyloid A
52
Cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation
Swelling (edema) Redness (erythema) Heat Pain
53
What cells are most involved in phagocytosis?
Neutrophils, macrophage, monocytes, dendritic cells
54
where are PAMPS found? Where are PRRs found?
PAMPS - found on bacteria PRRs - found on human host cells
55
What is the mechanism of NK cells when it comes to killing cells?
If MHC Class I is present on the cell, NK cells will not kill the cell. If MHC Class I is NOT present on the cell, NK cells will kill the cell
56
Cell mediated immunity vs humoral immunity
Cell mediated - T cells are key component Humoral immunity - B cells and antibodies are key component
57
Double negative stage of T cell differentiation
CD8 and CD4 negative; occurs in the outer cortex of the thymus
58
Double positive stage of T cell differentiation
Express both CD4 and CD8; positive and negative selection occurs
59
What is positive and negative selection?
Thymocytes that recognize MHC antigens will survive (positive selection) Thymocytes that fail to bind to MHC antigens or react too strongly will be destroyed (negative selection)
60
Th1 cells vs Th2 cells
Th1: activate cytotoxic lymphocytes and macrophages Th2: regulate B cell activity
61
What do T reg cells express?
CD4 and CD25
62
What do T reg cells do?
Secrete inhibitory cytokines to inhibit proliferation of other T cell populations
63
Pro B cells
Has no BCR or heavy/light chains; the stage directly after a stem cell
64
Pre B cells
Contain heavy u chains of IgM class and a pre-BCR with short alpha and beta chains
65
Immature B cells
Has a functional BCR with two light and heavy chains; can become mature if it recognizes self vs non self Contains: Class II MHC, CD40, CD21
66
Mature B cells
Develop in the spleen Exhibit IgM and IgD Can become plasma cells or memory cells
67
Marginal B cells
Remain in the spleen; respond quickly to bloodborne pathogens
68
Follicular B cells
Migrate to lymph nodes and other secondary organs and recirculate
69
What do plasma cells have on their surface?
CD138 and CD38
70
Where are plasma cells found and what do they do?
Bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid organs; produce antibodies and contain cytoplasmic Ig but no surface Ig

Immunology (6 decks)

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