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My Phase 2a > Immunology COPY > Flashcards

Immunology COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

An immune response that is present from birth

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2
Q

Give 3 features of an innate immune response

A
  • ) Immediate
  • ) Non-specific
  • ) Slow
  • ) No memory
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3
Q

What does PAMP stand for, and where is it found?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns, on microbe

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4
Q

What does PRR stand for, and where is it found?

A

Pattern recognition receptors, on cells

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5
Q

How is the innate immune system activated?

A

Activated by PRRs on dendritic cells recognising conserved PAMPs on microbes and triggering a response

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6
Q

What does TLR stand for?

A

Toll-like receptor

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7
Q

What does the complement system consist of?

A

Circulating inactive proteins synthesised by the liver that, when stimulated, trigger a proteolytic cascade

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8
Q

What do TLRs and other PRRs do?

A

Drive cytokine production

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9
Q

What 3 pathways is the complement system activated by?

A
  • ) Classical
  • ) Alternative
  • ) Lectin
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10
Q

Which immune system is the complement system part of?

A

Innate

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11
Q

What are the 4 main steps of the classical pathway?

A

1) C1q binds to Fc domains of IgG/IgM or to pathogens, activating C1r and C1s
2) C1s cleave C4 to C4a and C4b
3) C4b binds to C2 forming C4b2b complex
4) C4b2b is a C3 convertase and cleaves C3

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12
Q

What is the alternative pathway activated by?

A

Bacterial cell wall

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13
Q

What is the classical pathway activated by?

A

An antibody

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14
Q

What are the 5 main steps of the alternative pathway?

A

1) C3 splits to form C3b and C3a
2) C3b forms a complex with factor B forming C3bB
3) Addition of factor B forms C3bBb
4) C3bBb is a C3 convertase, and catalyses the splitting of C3 (more C3b produced, positive feedback loop)
5) Rate of C3 conversion rises above rate of deactivation of convertase, pathway activates

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15
Q

What is the lectin pathway activated by?

A

Mannose binding lectin that is bound to a microbe

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16
Q

What are the 2 main steps of the lectin pathway?

A

1) MBL binds to mannose carbohydrate on surface of pathogen

2) Then same steps as classical

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17
Q

Give 3 things complement activation results in

A
  • ) Increased vascular permeability
  • ) Chemoattraction of leucocytes
  • ) Enhanced phagocytosis
  • ) Enhanced lysis (releases pro inflammatory markers)
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18
Q

What is the key step in the complement system, and why?

A

Cleavage of C3

C3b mediates opsonisation

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19
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

The labelling of targets for destruction by phagocytosis

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20
Q

Give the 7 steps of an inflammatory response

A

1) Bleeding stopped by coagulation
2) Acute inflammation by leukocyte recruitment
3) Killing pathogens, neutralising toxins, limiting pathogen spread
4) Clear pathogens/dead cells by phagocytosis
5) Proliferation of cells to repair the damage
6) Remove blood clot and remodel extracellular matrix
7) Re-establish normal structure/function

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21
Q

Give 3 polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A
  • ) Neutrophil
  • ) Eosinophil
  • ) Basophil
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22
Q

What are neutrophils involved in?

A

Innate immunity and phagocytosis

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23
Q

What are eosinophils involved in?

A

Parasitic infections and allergic reactions

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24
Q

What are basophils involved in?

A

Parasitic infections and allergic reactions

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25
Give 3 mononuclear leukocytes
- ) Monocyte - ) T-cells - ) B-cells
26
What are monocytes involved in? (4)
Innate and adaptive immunity, phagocytosis, Ag presentation
27
What do monocytes differentiate into?
Macrophages
28
What are T-cells involved in?
Adaptive immunity
29
What do T-cells differentiate into? (3)
T-regs, T-helpers, cytotoxic
30
What are B-cells involved in?
Adaptive immunity
31
What do B-cells differentiate into?
Plasma cells
32
Give 3 other cells of the immune system
- ) Mast cells - ) Natural killer cells (NK) - ) Dendritic cells - ) Macrophages
33
What are mast cells involved in?
Parasitic infections and allergic reactions
34
What do mast cells release?
Histamine
35
Where are mast cells found?
Only in tissues
36
What do NK cells do?
Recognise and kill virus infected and tumour cells by apoptosis
37
What are macrophages involved in? (4)
Innate and adaptive immunity, phagocytosis, Ag presentation
38
What is an antibody?
A protein produced in respond to an antigen, can only bind to that specific antigen
39
What is an antigen?
A molecule that reacts with a preformed antibody and specific receptors on T cells
40
What is an epitope?
The part of the antigen that binds to the antibody/receptor binding site
41
What is affinity?
The measure of the binding strength between and epitope and an antibody binding site
42
Give 3 features of adaptive immunity
- ) Specific response - ) Involves memory - ) Cell mediated and humoral - ) Quicker
43
What cells are against intracellular microbes?
T cells
44
What cells are against extracellular microbes?
B cells
45
What can T cells not recognise?
Antigens not bound to host cells
46
How is the processed antigen presented?
With MHC class II antigens on the APC surface
47
What does MHC stand for?
Major histocompatibility complex
48
What does APC stand for?
Antigen presenting cell
49
What is T cell selection?
T cells that recognise self are killed in the foetal thymus as they mature
50
What are MHC antigens?
Cell surface glycoproteins
51
What do class I MHCs present on?
All nucleated cells
52
What do class II MHCs present on? (4)
Dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, activated T cells, macrophages (APCs)
53
What do class III MHCs constituent of?
Early complement proteins C4 and C2
54
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
Thymus
55
What do cytotoxic CD8 T cells do?
Destroy infected intracellular cells
56
What do memory T cells do?
Survive after infection to respond rapidly to recurrent infections
57
What do helper T cells CD4 do? (3)
- ) Activate cytotoxic T cells - ) Activate B cell antibody production - ) Secrete cytokines
58
What do regulatory T cells do?
Negatively regulate immune response preventing autoimmunity, can suppress other T cell types
59
Give the 7 steps in which Th1 activation leads to stopping viral spread
1) APC presents an Ag with MHC II to a naive CD4 T cell 2) Stimulation with high levels of IL-12 activate naive cells to Th1 cells 3) Th1 cells go to secondary lymphoid tissue 4) Activated 5) Clonal expansion/proliferate 6) Th1 cells recognise Ag on infected cells 7) Th1 secretes INF gamma and stops virus spread
60
What type of cell is CD4?
Helper T cell
61
What type of cell is CD8?
Cytotoxic T cell
62
Where is the secondary lymphoid tissue?
Spleen, lymph nodes
63
When do B cells become activated?
When they have bound to their specific Ag
64
Where do activated B cells proliferate and differentiate?
Lymph nodes
65
What sort of antibodies/immunoglobulin do plasma cells secrete?
IgM
66
What is class switching?
IgM later turn into IgG, but have the same specificity
67
What are antibodies/immunoglobulins secreted by?
B lymphocytes
68
Where do B cells mature?
Bone marrow
69
What are the 5 main types of Ig?
- ) IgG - ) IgM - ) IgA - ) IgD - ) IgE
70
What is IgG involved in?
Important in secondary and memory response
71
Which Ig can cross the placenta?
IgG
72
What shape is IgG?
Y shaped
73
What is IgM involved in?
Important in primary response, pentamer
74
Where is IgG mainly found?
Serum and tissues
75
Where is IgM mainly found?
Blood
76
What does IgA do?
Protects mucosal surfaces
77
What is predominant in mucous secretions?
Secretory IgA
78
What Ig is present as an antigen specific receptor on B cells?
Monomeric form mIgM
79
Where is IgA mainly found?
Serum and secretions
80
What does IgD do?
May have a role in respiratory infection
81
What Ig is present on mature B cells?
Transmembrane monomeric form mIgD
82
What is IgE involved in?
Allergic and parasitic reactions
83
What 2 types of inflammatory cell have a high affinity for IgE?
Basophils and mast cells
84
Give 3 functions of an antibody
- ) Opsonisation - ) Activation of complements - ) Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
85
What is the Fab region of an antibody?
Variable, binds specifically to antigens
86
What is the Fc region of an antibody?
Constant, bind to Fc receptors on cells such as phagocytes and complement proteins
87
What are cytokines?
Proteins secreted by immune and non-immune cells
88
What are the 4 main types of cytokines?
- ) Inferferons - ) Interleukins - ) Colony stimulating factors - ) Tumour necrosis factors
89
What do interferons do?
Induce a state of antiviral resistance in uninfected cells and limit the spread of viral infection
90
What can interleukins be?
Pro or anti-inflammatory
91
What do interleukins do?
Cause cells to divide, differentiate or secrete factors
92
What do colony stimulating factors involved in?
Directing the diversion and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells
93
What are colony stimulating factors the precursors of?
Leukocytes
94
What do tumour necrosis factors do?
Mediate inflammation and cytotoxic reaction
95
What are chemokines?
Chemotaxic cytokines
96
What do chemokines do?
Direct the movement of leukocytes and other cells from the blood stream into tissues or lymph organs by binding to specific receptors on cells
97
What is autoimmunity?
A system of immune responses of an organism against its own cells and tissues
98
Give 2 causes of autoimmune disease
- ) Tissue damage | - ) Disturbed functions from autoimmunity
99
What does organ specific autoimmune disease usually affect?
Endocrine glands
100
Give 2 environmental triggers for autoimmune diseases
- ) Hormones - ) Infection - ) Drugs - ) UV radiation
101
What is the recognition and elimination of cancer cells mediated by? (2)
T cells and NK cells
102
What is cancer immunosurveillance?
The system that can recognise and destroy new cells
103
What is cancer immunoediting?
When changes in the immunogenicity of tumours due to the anti-tumour response of the immune results in immune resistant variants
104
What are over expressed on cancer cells?
Tumour associated antigens
105
Where are tumour associated antigens found?
Normal and tumour cells
106
Where are tumour specific antigens found?
Tumour cells
107
How can tumours change immune responses?
By promoting immune suppressor cells, so they can be seen as self
108
What are transplants crossmatched to detect?
Anti HLA antibodies
109
What does HLA stand for?
Human leukocyte antigen
110
What is the HLA complex?
A gene complex encoding the MHC proteins in humans
111
What immunological cell plays a central role in rejection of a transplant?
CD4 T helper cells recognise the donor MHC and recruit effector cells
112
Give 2 ways in which we can prevent transplant rejection
- ) Tissue typing - ) Cross matching - ) Immunosuppression
113
What is an allergy?
An abnormal response to harmful foreign material, usually involving IgE
114
Give 3 clinical indications for an allergy
- ) Eczema - ) Itching - ) Mucous - ) Airway constriction - ) Anaphylaxis - ) Vomiting - ) Diarrhoea
115
Give 3 cells that are involved in an allergic response
- ) Mast cells - ) Eosinophils - ) Lymphocytes - ) Macrophages - ) Cytokines
116
What are the 4 main types of hypersensitivity reactions?
``` Type I - allergic and immediate Type II - cytotoxic, antibody to cell bound antigen Type III - immune complex Type IV - delayed type ACID ```
117
What Ig does type I hypersensitivity involve?
IgE | EGGT
118
What Ig does type II hypersensitivity involve?
IgG | EGGT
119
What Ig does type III hypersensitivity involve?
IgG | EGGT
120
What cell does type IV hypersensitivity involve?
T cells | EGGT
121
Give an example of a type I hypersensitivity reaction
Peanut allergy, latex, bee venom, antibiotics
122
How does type I hypersensitivity occur?
Binding of antigen by IgE on mast cells/basophils releases preformed mediators
123
Give an example of a type II hypersensitivity reaction
Drugs, haemolytic anaemia
124
How does type II hypersensitivity occur?
Cell destruction caused by activation of complement system and promotion of phagocytosis, body's own cells attacked
125
Give an example of a type III hypersensitivity reaction
RA, glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's
126
How does type III hypersensitivity occur?
Deposition of IgG containing immune complexes, especially in joints and kidneys
127
Give an example of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction
DM, MS, Crohn's, contact dermatitis
128
How does type IV hypersensitivity occur?
Local inflammation occurs after days, granulation tissues delay response
129
What does immunodeficiency present as?
Serious persistent, unusual or recurrent infections
130
How do we treat immunodeficiency?
Bone marrow transplant
131
Give 3 causes of immunodeficiency
- ) Antibody deficiency - ) Cellular immunity deficient - ) Phagocytic/complement defects - ) Genetic (primary)
132
What does C3b go on to form?
Membrane attack complex

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