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Immunology Basics Flashcards

1
Q

White blood cells from bone marrow

A
  • Granulocytes (5 types)
  • Monocytes -> mature to macrophages
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2
Q

White blood cells from lymph tissue

A

Lymphocytes

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3
Q

Type of granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
  • Mast cells
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4
Q

Megakaryocyte

A
  • Non-leukocytes
  • Make platelets
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5
Q

Erythrocyte

A
  • Non-leukocytes
  • Red blood cell
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6
Q

Innate immunity

A
  • Common across persons unless on drugs
  • Neutrophils
  • Tissue macrophages
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7
Q

Acquired immunity

A
  • Unique to each person
  • Lymphocytes (T & B)
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8
Q

Phagocytosis power of neutrophils

A

5-20 bacteria

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9
Q

Phagocytosis power of tissue macrophages

A

100 bacteria

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10
Q

Macrophage

A
  • Killer
  • Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
  • Antigen presentation
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11
Q

Neutrophil

A
  • Killer
  • Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
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12
Q

Eosinophil

A
  • Killer
  • Killing of anti-body coated parasites
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13
Q

Basophil

A
  • Caller
  • Recruited following allergic reaction
  • Releases heparin and histamine
  • Least common granulocyte
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14
Q

Mast cell

A
  • Caller
  • Release of granules containing histamine and other active agents
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15
Q

Anti-histamines reduce release of what cell

A

Mast cells

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16
Q

Inflammatory response

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Increase capillary permeability & leakage into interstitial space (space between cells)
  • Increased migration of granulocytes & monocytes (macrophages)
  • Swelling (caused by histamine, prostaglandins, chemokines)
17
Q

Waste products including CO2 & metabolites stimulate

A

Sialyl-Lewis bodies

18
Q

Attach to Sialyl-Lewis body

A

L-selectin on neutrophils (1st responders)

19
Q

On cell membranes of capillaries that halt the neutrophils

A

E-selectin

20
Q

Diapedesis

A

Squeezing of neutrophils through capillary membrane

21
Q

1st line of defense

A

Tissue macrophages (minutes) already residing in tissue

22
Q

2nd line of defense

A

Invasion of neutrophils (1 hour)

23
Q

3rd line of defense

A

2nd invasion of macrophages which were called by dendritic cells (8 hours)

24
Q

4th line of defense

A

Increased granulocyte and monocyte production in bone marrow (3-4 days)
- Does not occur every time, depending on on level of infection

25
Dendritic cells
- The link between innate and acquired immunity - Reside in peripheral tissues - Takes piece of bacteria & migrates via afferent lymphatics to regional lymph nodes to present to acquired immune system (B & T lymphocytes)
26
MHC class I molecule
On ‘you’ cells = no attack
27
Ubiquitous molecule
On you and anyone, without presence of MHC class I, natural killer cells will destroy via poking hole in cell membrane
28
B lymphocytes
- Humoral/antibody mediated immunity - Antibodies circulating in serum - Primary defense against extracellular pathogens: extracellular bacteria, circulating virus
29
T lymphocytes
- Cell-mediated immunity - Direct cell to cell contact or secreted soluble products ie. cytokines - Primary defense against intracellular pathogens: viruses and fungi, intracellular bacteria, tumor antigens and graft rejection
30
MHC class 1 molecules present antigens to…
Cytotoxic T cells
31
MHC class 2
Expressed on antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells, B-cells, and macrophages) -Signal to not destroy
32
Activation of B cells to make antibody
Dendritic cell presents antigen to B cell -> MHC class 2 & processed antigen displayed on B cell -> lymphokines & activated helper T cell work to change B cell into plasma cell -> plasma cell releases antibodies
33
Variable portion of antibody
Antibody sits on top of this portion and takes shape of foreign invader -> will mark for neutrophils & macrophages for phagocytosis
34
Membrane attack complex (MAC)
Forms pore spilling insides of invader (lysis)
35
Complement system/pathway
- Involves antigen-antibody complex - Antibodies bind and change forms - Promotes inflammatory response (increased chemotaxis) from mast cells and basophils - Lysis of invading cell via MAC - Opsonization and phagocytosis by neutrophils
36
Alternative pathway
- Does not require antibodies - Uses C3 which is normally in the plasma and comes from B cells (considered innate immunity) - C3 directly activated by carbohydrates on pathogen cell surface - C3 can go in 3 directions -> 2 killers & 1 caller
37
Helper T-cells (CD4+)
- Most numerous - Produce and secrete lymphokines (interleukins and interferons) - MHC 2 molecules - These are lost in AIDS
38
Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+)
- Bind and punch holes (lyse) in bacteria with perforins and granymes - MHC class 1 molecules - Similar to natural killer cells
39
Regulatory T-cells (Treg)
- Suppressor T cell - Regulator, limits ability of immune system to attack body’s own tissue - prevents autoimmunity - Important for end of immune response - Produce anti-inflammatory cytokines - Kill activated immune cells - Alter dendritic cell behavior so they can’t activate T cells

Integumentary (14 decks)

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