Immunology And Health

Question 0

The first line of defence is?

Answer 0

The endothelium tissues

Question 1

Explain the role of the immune system

Answer 1

Defends against pathogens, cancer cells and some toxins, which the system recognises as foreign.

It may respond to harmless foreign materials in an allergic response

Question 2

What are the 4 first lines of defence?

Answer 2

Skin, Gastric juices, Saliva, Mucus membranes

Question 3

What is Immune surveillance?

Answer 3

WBC continually monitoring body tissues. When tissues are damaged, affected cells release cytokines which are signal proteins.
Cytokines attract WBCs to the area. WBCs also release cytokines, attracting more WBCs
This results in many WBCs accumulating at the site of infection or tissue damage.

Question 4

What does a phagocyte do?

Answer 4

Surround and engulf bacteria, then the bacterium is digested by enzymes from lysosomes. The bacterium is then broken down and the end products pass into cytoplasm of phagocyte.

Question 5

How do phagocytes detect a bacterium?

Answer 5

Phagocytes detect chemicals given out by a bacterium or recognise antigens on cell surface. Move towards the cell and engulf it, in the method called phagocytosis.

Question 6

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 6

The method by which a phagocyte breaks down a bacterium

Question 7

When some phagocytes capture a pathogen, they display fragments of…?

Answer 7

It’s antigens on their surface.

Question 8

When B&T lymphocytes detect antigen presenting cells…?

Answer 8

They divide to form a clone.

Question 9

The clones of T lymphocytes then move towards the site of infection..?

Answer 9

Under the direction of cytokines (moving towards a higher concentration of cytokines)

Question 10

What is the role of Natural Killer cells?

Answer 10

They attack cells filled with viruses and cancer cells make pours in the target cell membrane. A signal molecule can then enter the cell. This induces the virus-infected cells to produce self-destructive enzymes, breaking down proteins and DNA so that the cell
Diiieeessss!!

Question 11

What is programmed cell death?

Answer 11

Known as Apoptosis

Question 12

What is an antigen?

Answer 12

A protein found in outside of a foreign cell or toxin.

Question 13

What does each B&T lymphocytes have sticking out of the membrane?

Answer 13

A receptor which connects to a particular antigen.

Question 14

What does saliva contain?

Answer 14

Enzymes which destroy bacteria

Question 15

What causes the inflammatory response?

Answer 15

Damage to the skin.

Question 16

What do damaged mast cells in the connective tissue release?

Answer 16

Release histamine which causes visodilation and increase permeability of blood capillaries.

Question 17

Are phagocytes specific or non specific?

Answer 17

Non specific

Question 18

The inflammatory response:

• …..leaks out causing swelling.
• WBC squeeze out through….
• There is a speedy delivery of…….to the affected site.
• WBCs arriving at the site release…., attracting more WBCs

Answer 18

Tissue fluid
Through gaps between the cells
Anti microbial proteins and blood-clotting agents
Cytokines

Question 19

What is an allergy?

Answer 19

An allergic reaction is caused by hypersensitive response of B lymphocytes to a harmless antigen, called an allergen

Question 20

Give an example of an allergen.

Answer 20

Pollen, animal hair

Question 21

Mast cells are stimulated by…?

Answer 21

Antibodies to release histamine.

Question 22

Do antibodies last forever?

Answer 22

No, around 40years

Question 23

What does the Mast Cell release during degranulation?

Answer 23

Histamine

Question 24

What’s the study of infectious diseases?

Answer 24

Epidemiology

Question 25

What are the five main causes of disease?

Answer 25

Bacteria, fungi, viruses, Protozoa, multicellular parasites