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Blood Bank: Spring 2024 > Immunology and Genetics for Blood Bank > Flashcards

Immunology and Genetics for Blood Bank Flashcards

1
Q

Objective

IgG properties that promote serological reactivity of agglutination or hemolysis

A
  • Monomer
  • Reacts at 37°C body temp
  • Secondary response
  • Small size means it can escape venous space to cause extravascular hemolysis
  • Only IgG3 activates complement
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2
Q

Objective

IgM properties that promote serological reactivity of agglutination or hemolysis

A
  • Pentamer
  • Reacts at 20°C room temp provides easy testing
  • Primary response
  • Activates complement
  • Large size means it stays stuck inside venous space
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3
Q

Objective

Which protein in the complement system is ID’d on the RBC after complement activation?

A

C3b
It attaches to the RBC antigen before destruction

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4
Q

Objective

Compare and contrast properties of the RBC component that make them an ideal product for transfusion

A
  • Designed to carry oxygen efficiently
  • Non-toxic to human body
  • Naturally sourced
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5
Q

Objective

Compare and contrast properties of the RBC component that make them an less than ideal product for transfusion

A
  • Transplant rejection due to immune stimulation
  • Infectious
  • Limited shelf life
  • Volunteer collection only
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6
Q

Objective

Use the Punnett square to predict phenotypic expression of given genes in offspring

A

:)

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7
Q

Objective

Which RBC chemical properties are increased during storage and why?

A
  • Lactic acid bc metabolic byproduct
  • Plasma K and Hgb due to hemolysis
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8
Q

Objective

Which RBC chemical properties are decreased during storage?

A
  • % viable cells bc hemolysis
  • Glucose bc used for glycolysis
  • ATP bc cells use them up
  • pH bc more acidic lactate made
  • 2,3 DPG bc it degrades over time
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9
Q

Objective

How do anticoagulant preservatives mitigate storage changes?

A
  • Citrate chelates calcium to prevent clotting
  • Monobasic Sodium Phosphate maintains pH and 2,3 DPG levels
  • Dextrose is an ATP substrate
  • Adenine makes ATP
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10
Q

Objective

cis and trans in genetics

A
  • cis: two genes inherited together on the same chromosomes (e.g, AB blood antigens)
  • trans: two genes inherited together from opposite chromosomes
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11
Q

Word of the day

Haplotype

A
  • 2 genes inherited together on the same chromosome but code for different Ag
  • Genes are linked
  • Do not follow Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation (don’t add up to 1)
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12
Q

Is the complement system innate or acquired immunity?

A

Innate immunity

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13
Q

What does adding plasma do to blood specimen?

A

Hemolysis

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14
Q

What causes agglutination?

A

IgM latticing (Ag-Ab)

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15
Q

Does compatible blood agglutinate? Why or why not?

A

No agglutination because the Ab does not have the right Ag to bind, which is good for blood tranfusions

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16
Q

Does incompatible blood agglutinate? Why or why not?

A

Yes, agglutination happens because
Ab have Ag to bind, which is bad for blood transfusions

17
Q

Stable Ab-Ag reactions depend on what?

A
  • fit (size/shape)
  • charge
  • avidity
18
Q

Outside forces that can be controlled

A
  • time
  • temp
  • pH
  • ionic strength
  • centrifugation
19
Q

How is blood bank like algebra?

A
  • Figure out which Ag is on pt RBCs
  • Figure out which antibody is coming from pt plasma
20
Q

Why do we transfuse blood?

A
  • When the demand for oxygen exceeds 50% of the oxygen you already have, the compensatory mechanisms fail, and the patient requires transfusion
  • To maintain hemostasis (such as coagulation cascade vs clot formation)
21
Q

How does the body compensate for anemia?

A

Increase plasma volume, heart rate, respiratory rate, and RBC oxygen extraction

22
Q

Explain oxygen binding and unloading in context of 2,3-DPG

A
  • During oxygen unloading, 2,3-DPG takes O2’s place and creates a tight binding structure. More O2 released to tissues
  • During oxygen binding, 2,3-DPG leaves to create a relaxed binding structure. Less O2 delivered to tissues
23
Q

Explain why 2,3-DPG levels decrease over time in blood product

A
  • It degrades over time, leading to O2 too tightly bound to Hgb -> hypoxia potential
  • Can’t pick up or release O2
24
Q

Left shift in oxygen-dissociation curve

A

Less oxygen delivered to tissues
Increased pH and abnormal Hgb
Decreased temp, P50, 2,3-DPG

25
Q

Right shift oxygen-dissociation curve

A

More oxygen delivered to tissues
Increased temp, P50, 2,3-DPG
Decreased pH

26
Q

Criteria for viable blood product

A
  • RBC survival >75% post transfusion
  • Free Hgb (hemolyzed RBC) < 1%
27
Q

Criteria for non-viable blood product

A
  • Increased cardiac output (transfusion tends to decrease it)
  • Decreased pO2 tension (can’t carry O2)
28
Q

What percent of RBCs are cleared from daily circulation?

A

1%

29
Q

Why does ATP loss reduce deformability and permeability of RBC?

A
  • Deformability impacted because no ATP available to phosphorylate spectrin
  • Permeability is reduced because calcium and sodium ions accumulate inside the RBCS, potassium and water are lost, which leads to a rigid and dehydrated cell that gets sequestered by spleen
30
Q

Phenotype

A
  • Physical gene expression
  • Detected by serologic testing
  • Antigen
31
Q

Genotype

A
  • Actual inherited genes
  • Detected by molecular testing
  • Allele (individual expression of Ag)
32
Q

Locus

A

Location on chromosome where gene can be found

33
Q

Allele

A

Variety within gene
Ag produced by allele

34
Q

Dosage

A

When Ag expression is less because of heterozygous allele inheritance and more expressed due to homozygous allele inheritance

35
Q

How is gene frequency calculated?

A

Hardy-Weinberg
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 (independent inheritance of p and q if equal 1)

36
Q

Hardy-Weinberg assumptions

A
  • Genotypes distributed in proportion to frequency in population
  • Genotypes remain constant across generations

Blood Bank: Spring 2024 (10 decks)

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