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Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

The cells and molecules responsible for immunity, and their collective and coordinated response to the presence of foreign substances.

A

Immune System

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2
Q

The overall actions of the immune system to provide immunity through a sequence of integrated host defense events when a host encounters a “foreign” substance and leading to cellular and chemical defensive actions.

A

Immune Response

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3
Q

The body’s resistance to disease-causing microorganisms and damage by foreign substances.

A

Immunity

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4
Q

Natural/native immunity. Non-specific, general recognition & response to “foreign” substances, including inflammatory response.

A

Innate Host Response

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5
Q

The route of transmission & microbe type determine nature of response.

A

Innate Host Response

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6
Q

This is the acquired/induced response

A

Adaptive immunity

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7
Q

Adaptive Response is _____ to “foreign” substances.

A

Specific

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8
Q

Pre-committed lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleen respond against the “foreign” substance

A

Adaptive immunity

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9
Q

A foreign substance, such as a microorganism, foreign blood cell, cells of transplanted organs, or toxins.

A

Antigen (Ag)

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10
Q

What triggers an immune response when introduced into the body?

A

Antigen (Ag)

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11
Q

What is the basic molecule of an antibody?

A

Y shaped

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12
Q

Antibody portion that is antigen-specific, and binds to a specific site on antigen molecules and assists in inactivating the antigen by attaching to it.

A

Fragment Antigen-Binding (Fab)

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13
Q

Part of the antibody that can bind to a phagocytic cell.

A

Fc portion

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14
Q

What is categorized into classes: Ig A, Ig D, Ig E, Ig G, Ig M?

A

Antibody (Ab) [immunoglobulin Ig]

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15
Q

Antigen specific proteins

A

Antibody (Ab) [immunoglobulin Ig]

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16
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

ingest and digest invading microbes

  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Waste
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17
Q

Phagocytes are certain _____ blood cells

A

white

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18
Q

Specialized cells located in various tissues that help initiate the immune response by recognizing, “processing”, and presenting Ag to other cells of the immune system

A

Dendritic cell

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19
Q

Where do stem cells originate?

A

Bone marrow

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20
Q

About how many erythrocytes are there per mcL?

A

4-6 million

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21
Q

About how many leukocytes are there per mcL?

A

4,500-11,000

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22
Q

Which white blood cells are involved in the inflammatory process?

A

Basophiles (0.5-1%)

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23
Q

Which white blood cells increase in allergic responses?

A

Eosinophils (1-5%)

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24
Q

What are the primary phagocytic cells that ingest/kill foreign material?

A

Neutrophils (45-75%)

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25
Q

About how many hours do neutrophils circulate for?

A

6-10 hours

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26
Q

What do neutrophils do after they circulate in the blood?

A

adhere to the endothelium of the blood vessels and wait to respond to inflammation; short lived.

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27
Q

What matures into macrophages & dendritic cells and responds to inflammation signals?

A

Monocyte (2-8%)

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28
Q

What are precommitted during maturation to respond to specific antigens?

A

Lymphocytes (25-40%)

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29
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

T-cell, B-cell, and Natural Killer Cell

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30
Q

Approximately, how many lymphocytes are produced per day?

A

10^9

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31
Q

The average lymphocyte completes a cycles of circulation through the blood and lymphatic system in about how many days?

A

1 to 2 days

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32
Q

What percentage of total body lymphocytes are present in the circulating blood?

A

About 1%

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33
Q

Where are the lymphocytes that are not circulating in the blood (the other 1 %)?

A

adhered to the inside of blood and lymphatic vessels until needed during infection.

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34
Q

What are the large phagocytic cells that mature from monocytes?

A

Macrophages

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35
Q

These are about 10 times the size of monocytes

A

Macrophages

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36
Q

These are a major phagocytic cell but not as numerous as neutrophils

A

Macrophages

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37
Q

Possess many broad-specificity receptors enabling it to capture a wide range of pathogens and can serve as Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC).

A

Macrophages

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38
Q

What is a major line of defense against invading microbes and abnormal or defective host cells?

A

Macrophages

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39
Q

Tissues where antigens interact with cells of the immune system

A

Lymphoid Tissues

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40
Q

Where are pieces of the antigen processed through in a “percolating/meandering” manner?

A

lymph nodes or spleen

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41
Q

A site containing lymphatic fluid that responds to local or regional infection?

A

Lymph Nodes

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42
Q

Blood-borne antigens and Antigen-Presenting Cells meander through which organ where they encounter and activate precommitted lymphocytes?

A

Spleen

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43
Q

Site that responds to systemic infections?

A

Spleen

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44
Q

MALT

A

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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45
Q

GALT

A

Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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46
Q

Appendix and Peyer’s patches, lymphoid nodules on outer wall of intestines

A

GALT

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47
Q

Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

A

BALT

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48
Q

What are some other Non-thymic Lymphoid Tissue?

A

MALT, GALT, BALT, Tonsils

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49
Q

What stimulates an immune response and reacts/binds with antibodies or T-cell receptors?

A

Antigen (Ag)

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50
Q

What are the characteristics of an antigen?

A
  1. Substance appears foreign to the host’s immune system
  2. Size- relatively large molecule
  3. Chemical nature- usually protein with complex 3-D configuration
  4. Antigenic determinant
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51
Q

What is the usual molecular weight of an antigen?

A

more than 10,000

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52
Q

What are some factors that affect the ability or quality of a molecule to be a good immunogen?

A

Route, quantity, timing, and ability to degrade

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53
Q

The specific part of the immunogen that specifies or determines the exact antibody to be produced

A

Epitope

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54
Q

The epitope is the portion of the antigen that combines with?

A

A specific antibody or T-call receptor

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55
Q

What will induce the production of slightly different antibodies?

A

Different epitopes (even on the same antigen)

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56
Q

The quality of the epitope is based on what?

A

The exposure to the immune system and the 3-dimenstional shape of the molecule.

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57
Q

What are the Major Histocompatibility Complex proteins (MHC)?

A

proteins on the surface of tissue and blood cells which identify cells belonging to a specific individual.

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58
Q

The recognition of self vs. non self is determined by?

A

the presence or absence of specific proteins on the human cell surfaces.

59
Q

Where are class one (one amino acid chain) MHCs found?

A

on virtually every cell in the body

60
Q

Where are class two (two amino acid chains) MHCs found?

A

found only on certain cells of the immune system, particularly dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-cells.

61
Q

When do T-cells recognize antigens?

A

when they are presented by MHC molecules

62
Q

Blood and tissue of another person is sensed as being?(except for identical twins)

A

Non-self

63
Q

Specialized cells located primarily in tissues where they are exposed to the external environment (ex. lymphoid tissue; epithelia of skin, gastrointestinal, respiratory tracts, and certain other tissues) that participate in initiating antigen recognition and immune response

A

Dendritic cells

64
Q

Langerhans Cells (Dendritic Cells)

A

Skin

65
Q

Intestine (Dendritic Cells)

A

various types of DC

66
Q

Alveolar macrophage (Dendritic Cells)

A

lung

67
Q

Kupffer cells (Dendritic Cells)

A

Liver

68
Q

Microglial cells (Dendritic Cells)

A

Brain

69
Q

Interdigitating Dendritic Cells

A

Lymph nodes and spleen

70
Q

What is the primary role of the dendritic cells?

A

VERY significant role in initiating antigen-specific T-call responses by capturing and presenting antigens

71
Q

The spidery shape (tentacles) of dendrites helps with?

A

Capturing foreign antigens. They possess a large surface area which facilitates capturing foreign antigens

72
Q

After dendrites process foreign antigens what do they do with the peptides?

A

Place peptides onto MHC 2 molecules on cell surface of the immune system

73
Q

Where do the dendrites migrate through to present antigens to cells of the immune system?

A

blood and lymph to spleen and lymph nodes

74
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers to the innate host response?

A
  1. Skin & Mucous
  2. Certain proteins in blood from specific tissue cells
  3. Phagocytosis
75
Q

What determines the nature of response in a innate host response?

A

Route of transmission, or portal of entry and type of microbe

76
Q

____ in serum & tissue responds to antigen presence -kinins, fibrinopeptides, clotting factors, lysozyme, histamine, cytokines etc.

A

Chemicals

77
Q

What are the steps of the inflammatory response in the innate host response (pg 9 of study guide)?

A
  1. vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries; blood vessels become “leaky”
  2. “Call” phagocyte white blood cells to move to the site of invasion and assist in killing the invading microbe
  3. Phagocytosis occurs, often producing pus (debris of phagocytes and bacteria) & swelling.
78
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

antigenic substance is engulfed and digested by certain white blood cells.

79
Q

What are the primary cells involved in phagocytosis?

A

Macrophage and neutrophil

80
Q

Movement of phagocyte toward the site of inflammation/intrusion; “called” by cellular products or complement components (C5a)

A

Chemotaxis

81
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

A
  1. Adherence
  2. Ingestion
  3. Digestion
82
Q
  1. Phagocyte adheres to antigen/intruder

2. Hindered by bacterial capsule or surface protein

A

Adherence

83
Q
  1. Pseudopod of phagocyte surrounds the foreign material

2. Phagocyte encloses the foreign material into a phagosome

A

Ingestion

84
Q
  1. Lysosomes (cytoplasmic granules) contain powerful digestive enzymes and bactericidal substances
  2. Lysosomes combine with phagosomes forming phagolysosomes in which the foreign material is digested.
  3. Waste/ debris is discharged.
A

Digestion

85
Q

True or False: Lymphocytes are long-lived and “self-replicating”

A

True

86
Q

How are lymphocytes identified and differentiated?

A

Clusters of Differentiation ( CD#)

87
Q

What are characteristics of clusters of differentiation (CS)?

A
  1. CDs are protein complexes on the surface of lymphocytes
  2. CDs serve as receptors or attachment sites
  3. CDs identify different stages of lymphocyte development and different functions of the cell.
88
Q

True of False: during maturation and before an encounter with an antigen, lymphocytes become precommitted or programmed to respond to an encounter with a specific antigen.

A

True

89
Q

The process by which individual T&B lymphocytes are engaged by antigen and cloned to create a population of antigen-reactive cells with identical antigen specificity,

A

Clonal Selection

90
Q

T-cell receptors (TCR), B-cell receptors (BCR) are specific to the antigen to which this cell is precommitted and they develop as attachment sites for specific types of foreign antigen molecules.

A

Antigen-Specific Surface Receptors

91
Q

All lymphocytes in the same clone have the same ______ specificity

A

antigen

92
Q

Immature lymphocytes undergo a large number of variable gene recombination’s for surface receptor molecules resulting in what?

A

Each lymphocyte having the capability to react with (respond to) a single type of antigen.

93
Q

Antigen-specific lymphocyte reproduces copies of itself , thus forming?

A

Clone of millions of antigen-specific cells

94
Q

The mature lymphocytes will be tolerant of antigens on our own “self” MHC molecules; and, therefore, will not mount an immune response against them. [Lymphocytes are not permitted to mature if they react to “self antignes”

A

Immune Tolerance

95
Q

Where do T-lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus, then concentrate in lymph nodes

96
Q

What are the T-cell surface markers?

A
  1. CD3
  2. CD28
  3. CD40
  4. LFA-1 [Leukocyte Function-associated Antigen 1)
97
Q

What does CD3 do?

A

Identifies mature T-call

98
Q

What does CD28 do?

A

Receives activation co-signal from CD80/86 molecule on APC

99
Q

What does CD40-receptor (on CD4 cell, Th cell) do?

A

Binds with CD-40 molecule on B-cell

100
Q

What is LFA-1?

A

an adhesion molecule on T cells

101
Q

True of False: T-cell receptors (TCR) are antigen specific?

A

True

102
Q

Where do B-lymphocytes matures?

A

In the bone marrow

103
Q

Where do B-lymphocytes concentrate?

A

peripheral lymphoid tissues- spleen, MALT, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

104
Q

What are the surface markers of B-lymphocytes?

A

CD40
CD19, CD20, CD21
Produces CD80/86 when B-cell acts as APC

105
Q

What are CD40 significant for?

A

Significant for binding with certain T-lymphocytes

106
Q

CD19, CD20, CD21 are used for?

A

identification

107
Q

True or False: B-cell Receptors (BCR) are antigen-specific

A

True

108
Q

Can B-cells act as an Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC)?

A

Yes, by binding Ag to the specific receptors on B-cell surface and ‘presenting’ it to T-cells.

109
Q

Upon activation, B-cells differentiate into?

A

plasma cells

110
Q

The B-cells that differentiate into plasma cells manufacture?

A

immunoglobulins

111
Q

What are the significant surface molecules APC possess?

A

MHC 2
CD80/86
ICAM-1
LFA-3

112
Q

What do MHC 2 do?

A

carry (presents) a piece of the digested antigen- for antigen recognition.

113
Q

What are CD80/86?

A

Co-Activation molecules

114
Q

What is ICAM-1?

A

the principle binding (receptor) molecule for LFA-1

115
Q

What is the binding molecule for CD2

A

LFA-3

116
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC) binds antigen to specific receptors on the APC surface, then they do what?

A

place some of the digested antigen on the MHC-2 molecule and “present” it to the helper T cells

117
Q

What 5 things do Antigen-Presenting cells do?

A
  1. Possess significant surface molecules
  2. Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC) binds antigen to specific receptors on the APC surface, then place some of the digested antigen on the MHC-2 molecule and “present” it to the helper T cells
  3. Produce Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
  4. Assisted by cytokines produced by lymphocytes
    Produce IL-12
118
Q

What does Interleukin-1 assist with?

A

Activation of lymphocytes

119
Q

What does IL-12 do?

A

Enhances T-cell development

120
Q

Example of dendritic cells as APC

A

capture antigenic material, then process and present Ag on MHC2

121
Q

Example of Macrophage as APC

A

capture antigenic material via phagocytosis, then digest and present Ag on MHC2

122
Q

Example of B-lymphocytes

A

capture “digested” antigenic material via antigen-specific B-cell receptors (B cells are not phagocytic) and present Ag on MHC2

123
Q

Small proteins produced by specific human cells and which act as chemical mediators of the immune system to cause or enhance certain actions or functions of the immune system

A

Cytokine products of cells

124
Q

IL-1

A

Macrophages, APCs

Co-stimulates TH cell activations, promotes T-cell proliferation (stimulates IL-2 receptors); inflammation

125
Q

IL-2

A

CD4-cells

T&B cell growth factor; activates & enhances T, B, and NK cells.

126
Q

IL-4

A

Activated CD4-cells

Co-stimulates B cells; Promotes B-cell growth & differentiation; Promotes IgE reactions

127
Q

IL-5

A

Activated CD4 cells

Stimulates differentiation of B-cells & Eosinophils; Promotes IgA & IgE

128
Q

IL-6

A

Macrophage, T-cells

Mediates acute-phase response; enhances B-growth; induces B-cell differentiation to plasma cell

129
Q

IL-10

A

CD4 cells

Inhibits cytokine synthesis; down-regulates cellular response; enhances immunoglobin secretion

130
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor, TNFa,b

A

Macrophages & T-lymphocytes

Inflammation; activates macrophages, granulocytes cytotoxic cells; kills tumor cells; enhances phagocytosis

131
Q

Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)

A

T-cells, & other

Stimulates production & function of granulocytes and macrophages

132
Q

MIF

A

T-cells

Macrophages inhibition factor

133
Q

MAF

A

T-cells

Macrophage activating factor

134
Q

Interferon, IF a & b

A

Leukocytes

Antiviral activity, enhance MHC-1. activate NK

135
Q

Interferon-y, IF-y

A

T-cells

Enhance & activate macrophages, CTL, and NK cells; promotes inflammation.

136
Q

Type of immunity that remembers the antigen to which they responded and remain primed for future action

A

Adaptive Immunity Response

137
Q

What are the two type of adaptive immunity responses that may interact with each other?

A
  1. Cell-Mediated Response

2. Humoral Response

138
Q

Cell-Mediated Response

A

Defensive activities based on the action of pre-committed T-lymphocytes that move into action to kill the invader or activate other parts of the immune system through the production of chemicals which directly fight the antigen or chemicals that help regulate the immune response.

139
Q

Defensive activities based on the role of antigen-specific immunoglobulins (Ig)

A

Humoral Response

140
Q

What are the steps of the humoral response?

A
  • Pre-committed B-lymphocytes are activated to transform into plasma cells which produce Ig
    1. immunoglobulin bind to the respective antigen
    2. Leads to phagocytosis or antigen destruction
    3. Ig remains in circulating serum for month to years providing protection.
141
Q

The humoral response assists immunoglobulins in removing antigens usually by

A

enhancing phagocytosis.

142
Q

What are the major cells involved in the cell mediated immunity system?

A

Antigen-presenting cells
T-lymphocytes (Helper and Cytotoxic)
Natural Killer cells

143
Q

What are the characteristics of the natural killer cells?

A

Possess CD16 and CD65 surface proteins, but not CD3

Microbiology-1 (5 decks)

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