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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary defense against bacterial invasion?

A

Innate (non-specific).

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2
Q

What 4 processes are apart of the innate defense structure?

A
  1. Integument
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Killer T Cells
  4. Responses (sneezing, tearing, coughing, sweating, body temp, etc.)
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3
Q

What is an example of passive immunity?

A

Antibodies (activated T cells) given as transfusion to provide protection

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4
Q

In acquired immunity, antigens interact with what type of cells to form antibodies?

A

Lymphocytes

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5
Q

B Lymphocytes are apart of what branch (humoral or cell mediated)?
T Lymphocytes

A

Humoral

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6
Q

T/F: Someone who has never been exposed to a specific disease can gain humoral immunity through administration of antibodies from someone who has been exposed and survived the same disease?

A

True

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7
Q

What is an example of active immunity? Passive immunity?

A

Active=Vaccines

Passive=Antibody administration, IgA via breast milk, Rh Immune globulin (RhoGAM)

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8
Q

Is RhoGAM given to Rh-negative or Rh-positive mothers?

A

Rh-Negative mothers

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9
Q

Name the three Granulocytes:

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Eosinophils
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10
Q

Name the 2 agranulocytes:

A
  1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes

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11
Q

Which granulocyte is least common blood granulocyte and is involved in hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Basophils

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12
Q

Which granulocyte is found heavily in GI, respiratory, and urinary mucose?

A

Eosiniphils

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13
Q

Which granulocyte is most numerous WBC and fight bacterial and fungal infections?

A

Neutrophils

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14
Q

Which agranulocyte is made up of B and T subtypes?

A

Lymphocytes (B and T Lymphocytes

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15
Q

Which agranulocyte is responsible for phagocytosis, release of cytokines?

A

Monocytes

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16
Q

Do B or T Lymphocytes produce antibodies?

A

B-Lymphocytes

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17
Q

Antibodies act in what two ways to protect the body?

A
  1. Direct attack on the invader

2. Activation of “complement system”

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18
Q

Which immunoglobulin is most prevalent?

A

IgG

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19
Q

Which immunoglobulin is associated with anaphylaxis?

20
Q

Which hypersensitivity group is associated with cytotoxic (autoimmune hemolytic anemia)?

21
Q

Which hypersensitivity group is associated with immune complex disease like SLE or RA?

22
Q

Blood transfusion reaction is associated with what type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type II (Antibody mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity)

23
Q

Anaphylactoid and anaphylaxis are caused be release of mediators from what two cell types?

A

Mast Cells and Basophils

24
Q

What is the most common culprits for drug reactions?

A
  1. Rocuronium (60%)
  2. Latex
  3. ABX
  4. Opioids
25
What is treatment for NON-life threatening anaphylaxis?
Epi 100-500mcg SQ or IM (children 10mcg/kg up to 500mcg) repeat q10-15mins. Benadryl 1-2mg/kg or 25-50mg IV
26
What is treatment of LIFE-threatening anaphylaxis?
1. Airway maintenance 2. 100% O2 3. Epi IV 50-100Mcg 4. CPR, pressors, fluids 5. Bronchodilators 6. H1/H2 Antagonists 7. Corticosteroids
27
How frequent does mild transfusion reaction occur?
1:500 (hives, pruritus)
28
How frequent does fatal hemolytic reaction occur?
1:250,000-600,000
29
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is a latex allergy?
Type IV or Type I
30
Do anesthesia agents suppress or enhance the immune system?
Suppress
31
Which specific anesthesia agents/techniques are associated with depressing the immune system?
1. Inhalation agents (N2O) 2. Opioids 3. Regional anesthesia (epidurals alter lymphcytes/Killer T activity) 4. Hypnotics decrease ciliary action
32
Surgical site infections time frame?
30 days of procedure or 1 year from time of implant
33
What perioperative things can increase risk of surgical infections?
1. Hyperglycemia 2. Hypothermia 3. Blood transfusion 4. Open surgery vs laproscopic 5. Long procedure duration
34
What affect can HIV drugs have on anesthesia?
NNRTIs Induce cytochrome P450 system and can decrease effect of anesthetic drugs
35
What are the two most common cardiovascular comorbidities associated with HIV AIDS?
Abnormal EKG (50%) and Pericardial effusion (25%)
36
What are some other common comorbidities of HIV AIDs?
1. Wasting Syndrome 2. Neurological 3. Hematologic 4. Cancers
37
What is the most common opportunistic pathogen for HIV/AIDS patients?
Pneumocystic carnii
38
What is risk of HIV/AIDS exposure after percutaneous exposure?
0.3%
39
What is risk of HIV/AIDs after mucouse membrane exposure?
0.09%
40
What are next steps if suspected HIV/AIDS exposure?
1. Wash and clean area 2. Get immediate baseline test on you and pt 3. Empirical treatment with antiretrovirals within 1-2 hrs/ for 1-2 weeks 4. Periodic testing for 6 months
41
What is the most common cause of death in SLE?
Renal disease
42
How do SLE patients present?
Polyarthritis, dermatitis, malar rash, renal disease
43
Treatment for SLE?
Corticosteroids, Antimalarial, immunosupressants
44
What are anesthesia complications with SLE?
1. Prone to PE, pneumonitis, alveolar hemorrhage, pulmonary HTN. 2. Cricoarytenoid arthritis 3. RLN Palsy 4. Corticosteroids 5. Drug interactions with cyclophosphamide
45
What is scleroderma?
Collagen vascular disease identified by inflammation, vascular sclerosis, fibrosis of skin and organs
46
What are anesthetic implications of scleroderma?
1. Bleeding in airway 2. Chronic HTN 3. GERD 4. Corneal abrasion d/t dry eyes 5. Pulmonary HTN
47
What are anesthetic implications of Rheumatoid arthritis?
1. Steroid supplement 2. NSAID use 3. Cervical join restriction 4. Drug interaction with immunosuppressant

Fundamental 2 (7 decks)

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