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Fundamental 2 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary defense against bacterial invasion?

A

Innate (non-specific).

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2
Q

What 4 processes are apart of the innate defense structure?

A
  1. Integument
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Killer T Cells
  4. Responses (sneezing, tearing, coughing, sweating, body temp, etc.)
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3
Q

What is an example of passive immunity?

A

Antibodies (activated T cells) given as transfusion to provide protection

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4
Q

In acquired immunity, antigens interact with what type of cells to form antibodies?

A

Lymphocytes

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5
Q

B Lymphocytes are apart of what branch (humoral or cell mediated)?
T Lymphocytes

A

Humoral

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6
Q

T/F: Someone who has never been exposed to a specific disease can gain humoral immunity through administration of antibodies from someone who has been exposed and survived the same disease?

A

True

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7
Q

What is an example of active immunity? Passive immunity?

A

Active=Vaccines

Passive=Antibody administration, IgA via breast milk, Rh Immune globulin (RhoGAM)

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8
Q

Is RhoGAM given to Rh-negative or Rh-positive mothers?

A

Rh-Negative mothers

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9
Q

Name the three Granulocytes:

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Eosinophils
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10
Q

Name the 2 agranulocytes:

A
  1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes

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11
Q

Which granulocyte is least common blood granulocyte and is involved in hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Basophils

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12
Q

Which granulocyte is found heavily in GI, respiratory, and urinary mucose?

A

Eosiniphils

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13
Q

Which granulocyte is most numerous WBC and fight bacterial and fungal infections?

A

Neutrophils

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14
Q

Which agranulocyte is made up of B and T subtypes?

A

Lymphocytes (B and T Lymphocytes

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15
Q

Which agranulocyte is responsible for phagocytosis, release of cytokines?

A

Monocytes

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16
Q

Do B or T Lymphocytes produce antibodies?

A

B-Lymphocytes

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17
Q

Antibodies act in what two ways to protect the body?

A
  1. Direct attack on the invader

2. Activation of “complement system”

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18
Q

Which immunoglobulin is most prevalent?

A

IgG

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19
Q

Which immunoglobulin is associated with anaphylaxis?

A

IgE

20
Q

Which hypersensitivity group is associated with cytotoxic (autoimmune hemolytic anemia)?

A

Type II

21
Q

Which hypersensitivity group is associated with immune complex disease like SLE or RA?

A

Type III

22
Q

Blood transfusion reaction is associated with what type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type II (Antibody mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity)

23
Q

Anaphylactoid and anaphylaxis are caused be release of mediators from what two cell types?

A

Mast Cells and Basophils

24
Q

What is the most common culprits for drug reactions?

A
  1. Rocuronium (60%)
  2. Latex
  3. ABX
  4. Opioids
25
Q

What is treatment for NON-life threatening anaphylaxis?

A

Epi 100-500mcg SQ or IM (children 10mcg/kg up to 500mcg) repeat q10-15mins.
Benadryl 1-2mg/kg or 25-50mg IV

26
Q

What is treatment of LIFE-threatening anaphylaxis?

A
  1. Airway maintenance
  2. 100% O2
  3. Epi IV 50-100Mcg
  4. CPR, pressors, fluids
  5. Bronchodilators
  6. H1/H2 Antagonists
  7. Corticosteroids
27
Q

How frequent does mild transfusion reaction occur?

A

1:500 (hives, pruritus)

28
Q

How frequent does fatal hemolytic reaction occur?

A

1:250,000-600,000

29
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is a latex allergy?

A

Type IV or Type I

30
Q

Do anesthesia agents suppress or enhance the immune system?

A

Suppress

31
Q

Which specific anesthesia agents/techniques are associated with depressing the immune system?

A
  1. Inhalation agents (N2O)
  2. Opioids
  3. Regional anesthesia (epidurals alter lymphcytes/Killer T activity)
  4. Hypnotics decrease ciliary action
32
Q

Surgical site infections time frame?

A

30 days of procedure or 1 year from time of implant

33
Q

What perioperative things can increase risk of surgical infections?

A
  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. Hypothermia
  3. Blood transfusion
  4. Open surgery vs laproscopic
  5. Long procedure duration
34
Q

What affect can HIV drugs have on anesthesia?

A

NNRTIs Induce cytochrome P450 system and can decrease effect of anesthetic drugs

35
Q

What are the two most common cardiovascular comorbidities associated with HIV AIDS?

A

Abnormal EKG (50%) and Pericardial effusion (25%)

36
Q

What are some other common comorbidities of HIV AIDs?

A
  1. Wasting Syndrome
  2. Neurological
  3. Hematologic
  4. Cancers
37
Q

What is the most common opportunistic pathogen for HIV/AIDS patients?

A

Pneumocystic carnii

38
Q

What is risk of HIV/AIDS exposure after percutaneous exposure?

A

0.3%

39
Q

What is risk of HIV/AIDs after mucouse membrane exposure?

A

0.09%

40
Q

What are next steps if suspected HIV/AIDS exposure?

A
  1. Wash and clean area
  2. Get immediate baseline test on you and pt
  3. Empirical treatment with antiretrovirals within 1-2 hrs/ for 1-2 weeks
  4. Periodic testing for 6 months
41
Q

What is the most common cause of death in SLE?

A

Renal disease

42
Q

How do SLE patients present?

A

Polyarthritis, dermatitis, malar rash, renal disease

43
Q

Treatment for SLE?

A

Corticosteroids, Antimalarial, immunosupressants

44
Q

What are anesthesia complications with SLE?

A
  1. Prone to PE, pneumonitis, alveolar hemorrhage, pulmonary HTN.
  2. Cricoarytenoid arthritis
  3. RLN Palsy
  4. Corticosteroids
  5. Drug interactions with cyclophosphamide
45
Q

What is scleroderma?

A

Collagen vascular disease identified by inflammation, vascular sclerosis, fibrosis of skin and organs

46
Q

What are anesthetic implications of scleroderma?

A
  1. Bleeding in airway
  2. Chronic HTN
  3. GERD
  4. Corneal abrasion d/t dry eyes
  5. Pulmonary HTN
47
Q

What are anesthetic implications of Rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  1. Steroid supplement
  2. NSAID use
  3. Cervical join restriction
  4. Drug interaction with immunosuppressant

Fundamental 2 (7 decks)

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