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Exam 3 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

myeloid lineage

A 
Mast cells.
Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils).
Dendritic cells.
Monocytes.
Macrophages.
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2
Q

lymphoid lineage

A

T/B lymphocytes.

NK cells.

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3
Q

innate immunity (general)

A

No memory.
First line of defense.
Broadly specific.
Not antigen specific.

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4
Q

innate immunity: mechanisms

A

Phagocytosis of bacteria by neutrophils and macrophages.
Cellular cytotoxicity: NK cells destroy virus infected/cancerous cells.
Inflammation: mast cells (tissue) and basophils (blood) degranulate against parasite infections.
Chemokine attraction: release TNF/IL-1, inducing adhesion factor expression so WBCs can migrate into tissues.
Microbe recognition: dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages express PRRs.

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5
Q

PRR

A

Pattern Recognition Receptor.
Recognize common features broadly specific to a group of pathogens.
Binds to PAMPs.

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6
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns.
Pathogen-specific.
Recognized by PRRs.

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7
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Antigen specific response.
By B cell and T cells.
Produce memory response.

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8
Q

clonal expansion

A

Initiated by antigen binding.
B cell divides into memory B cells (express surface antibody) and plasma effector cells (secrete antibody).

T cell divides into helper T cells (CD4+, produce cytokines) and T-cytotoxic cells (CD8+, kill infected cells).

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9
Q

plasma effector cells

A

secrete antibody.

Made after B cell comes into contact with antigen.

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10
Q

humoral immunity

A

B-cell mediated response to EXTRACELLULAR pathogens.

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11
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T-cell mediated response to pathogen infected cells/tumor cells.

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12
Q

helper T cells

A

CD4+

produce cytokines

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13
Q

T-cytotoxic cells

A

CD8+

kill infected cells

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14
Q

antigens

A

Usually protein, carbohydrates.

Not usually lipids, nucleic acid (NOTE: Lupus: anti-DNA Ab)

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15
Q

hapten

A

Non-immunogenic small molecule which can be made immunogenic by coupling to a protein.

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16
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow: B cells.
Thymus: T cells.
Site of lymphocyte differentiation into mature naive cells.

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17
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

Site where naive lymphocytes encounter antigens.
Traps antigens and facilitates contact with immune cells.
Spleen.
Lymph nodes.
MALT.
Appendix.
Peyer’s Patches.

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18
Q

antibody (immunoglobulin) structure

A

2 identical H chains, 2 identical L chains.
Chains connected by disulfide bridges to form an antibody monomer.
2 binding sites for specific epitope.
Hinge region: flexible central H chain region (papain digests).
Fab region: L chain + top of H chain; forms antigen binding site at variable region (N-terminal) interface.
Fc region: Bottom of H chains, determines antibody effector function once bound to antigen.

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19
Q

immuloglobulin isotypes

A 
IgM (pentameric + 1 J chain)
IgD 
IgG (1-4)
IgA (1, 2) (monomeric or dimeric)
IgE
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20
Q

L-chain isotypes

A

Kappa 60%

Lambda 40%

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21
Q

mutliple myeloma

A

Neoplastic plasma cell condition.
Creates high concentration of MONOCLONAL antibody in blood.
Very large serum gamma-globulin peak with all either kappa or lambda.

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22
Q

primary response

A

1st antigen enounter causing clonal expansion (lag phase).

Mostly IgM pentamers secreted in serum.

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23
Q

memory response

A

Response to previously encountered Ag.
Shorter lag phase.
Higher Ab titer.
Class switching, SHM, selection occur.

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24
Q

BCR

A

B Cell Antigen Receptor.

Membrane bound Ig with signaling molecules Ig alpha and Ig beta.

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25
Q

neutralization

A

IgG and IgA bind toxin, virus, or microbe to inactivate pathogenic mechanism.

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26
Q

opsonization

A

IgG coats BACTERIA to promote phagocytosis by macrophages/neutrophils carrying Fc receptors (Fc{gamma}R).

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27
Q

ADCC

A

Antibody-Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity.

NK cells express Fc{gamma}Rs IgG bounf to viral antigens on infected cells or tumor antigens.

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28
Q

mast cell degradation

A

Mast cells express Fc{gamma}Rs recognizing IgE bound to parasitic antigens causing histamine release and inflammation to recruit eosinophils.

Note: Fc{gamma}Rs complex with IgE BEFORE IgE binds to antigen, which crosslinks 2 IgEs.

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29
Q

complement

A

Innate immune serum proteins that amplify inflammatory response.
Chemotactic factors direct phagocytic migration while other complement proteins porate bacteria.
IgG and IgM activate the complement system.

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30
Q

IgM

A

Fx: Complement system, mature naive B cell receptors.

Location: pentamer in blood, monomer in naive B cell membrane and tissues by diffusing out of capillaries.

31
Q

IgD

A

Fx: mature naive B-cell receptors

Location: naive B cell membrane

32
Q

IgG

A

Fx: complement system, neurtralization, ADCC, memory Bcell receptors

Location: blood, crosses placenta to fetus, memory B cell membrane

33
Q

IgA

A

Fx: neutralization, memory B cell receptors

Location: secretory IgA dimers in mucosal surface, IgA monomers in blood/milk/saliva/tears

34
Q

IgE

A

Fx: Mast cell degranulation, memory B cell receptors

Location: mast cell membrane (submucosal tissues), memory b cell membrane

35
Q

light chain rearrangement: B lymphocytes

A

Encoded by V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) regions.
Expresses either kappa or lambda.
Requires RAG-1 and RAG-2 (expressed only in lymphocytes)

36
Q

loss of RAG-1 or RAG-2

A

loss of all lymphoytes.

Cannot due VDJ recombination

37
Q

heavy chain rearrangement: B lymphocytes

A 
Includes D (diversity) segments too.
V-D-J-C.
Two DNA rearrangements necessary to form VDJ region.
C region encodes type of heavy chain (mu, delta, gamma, alpha, epsilon).
38
Q

class switch

A

After activation of B cell by antigen.
Moves VDJ in front of a new constant region.
Requires AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase).
Allows for change of constant region between isotypes (i.e. from IgM to IgG).
Occurs in germinal center of secondary lymphoid organs.

After class switch, B-cell can only produce ONE type of antibody class (not IgM and IgD like mature B cells

39
Q

antibody diversity

A

1) class switch
2) germline: multiple VDJ segments, two sets from parents
3) combinatorial: all possible combinations of VDJ genes and heavy/light combos
4) junctional: imprecise joining of VDJ segments by exonucleases and TdT

40
Q

junctional diversity

A

imprecise joining of VDJ segments.
Exonucleases randomly remove nucleotides from joining segments.
TdT (Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase) randomly adds nucleotides to ends of segments prior to joining.

41
Q

somatic hypermutation

A

Random point mutations in variable region DNA occurring during B cell clonal expansion during memory response.
Creates antibodies with increased affinity for antigen.

42
Q

clonal selection

A

The destruction of B cells expressing mutated antibodies with decreased antigen specificity or affinity.
Survival of the fittest in secondary lymphoid organs.

43
Q

hyper-IgM syndrome

A

loss of AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase)

44
Q

Pre-B cell

A

Undergone heavy chain VDJ recombination.

No light chain.

45
Q

Immature B cell

A

Undergone light chain VDJ recombination.
Complete IgM.
Negative selection occurs at this stage.

46
Q

negative selection

A

cells expressing autoreactive IgM are removed at this stage.

In bone marrow.

47
Q

Mature B cell

A

Express both membrane IgM and IgD by alternative splicing.
Are naive.
Migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues to encounter antigen.
Become plasma cell and memory B cell.

48
Q

antisera injections

A

passive immunization with IVIG (intravenous Ig) pooled from donors.
Polyclonal.
Half-life: 3 weeks.

49
Q

natural passive immunity

A

Maternal IgG crosses placenta to fetus.

sIgA in milk, lines gut mucosa.

50
Q

M(abs)

A

Monoclonal antibody raised to a specific epitope.

Via hybridomas.

51
Q

chimeric M(abs)

A 
Mouse M(ab).
Has mouse variable regions.
Human constant region.
52
Q

humanized M(abs)

A

Onlyl Ag binding pocket and CDRs remain from mouse M(abs).

53
Q

combinatorial libraries

A

fully human sequence from B cell gene library.

54
Q

ELISA

A

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay.
Antibody-enzyme coupling detects substances.
Ex: hCG detected by home pregnancy test, binding activates enzyme.

55
Q

Immunohistochemistry/ Flow Cytometry

A

Binding to fluorescent-linked antibody

56
Q

antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, B cells.

Capture antigens using TLRs that recognize PAMPS for presentation to T cells.

57
Q

TLR binding

A

Causes APCs to produce cytokines.
Causes maturation of APC, losing adhesiveness, travels to lymphatic system.
Present antigen to lymph node localized T cells.

58
Q

IL-1 + TNF

A

1) Induce endothelial chemokine production and endothelial adhesiveness, causing lymphocytes to attach and transendothelially migrate to site of infection, causing inflammation (phagocyte accumulation at APCs).
2) cause hepatic release of acute phase proteins like CRP (indicates illness, acts on hypothalamus to produce fever, depression, anorexia).

59
Q

IFN-alpha, IFN-beta

A

antiviral cytokines

60
Q

chemokines

A

chemotactic or attractant cues to draw lymphocytes to APC.

61
Q

IL-12

A

Activates TH1 cells and NK cells.

Activates production of IFN-gamma by T cells and NK cells.

62
Q

IL-10

A

inhibitory cytokine

63
Q

MHC/HLA

A

Major histocompatibility complex.
Human Leukocyte Antigen.
Presents Ag allowing TCR to recognize it.
Peptide fragments from phagocytosed microbes in external groove/cleft.
Determines transplant/graft rejection.

64
Q

MHC/HLA genes: class I

A

A, B, C genes.
Encoded on p arm of chromosome 6.
Linked and inherited by haplotypes.

65
Q

MHC/HLA genes: class II

A

DP, DQ, DR genes.
Encoded on p arm of chromosome 6.
Linked and inherited by haplotypes.

66
Q

HLA gene polymorphism

A

Alleles associated with ethnic background.
Maternal/paternal haplotypes (1/4 chance of HLA match in siblings).
Variation exists in antigen presenting groove.

67
Q

MHC class I

A

Polymorphic, transmembrane alpha chain encoded by A, B, C genes.
Non-polymorphic B2-microglobulin (encoded by unlinked gene.
Expressed on surface of ALL nucleated cells.

68
Q

MHC class II

A

Polymorphic, transmembrane alpha-chain and beta chain.
Encoded by DP, DQ, DR genes.
Expressed ONLY on antigen presenting cells and activated T cells.

69
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

HLA allele association: B27

70
Q

narcolepsy

A

HLA allele association: DR2, DQ1

71
Q

Type I Diabetes

A

HLA allele association: DR3, DR4

72
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

HLA allele association: DR4

73
Q

Bare lymphocyte syndrome

A

failure to express MHC molecules

Exam 3 (7 decks)

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