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Exam 3 > Histology 2 > Flashcards

Histology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of cardiovascular system

A

Nutrient transport.
Gas exchange.
Waste removal.
Hormone distribution.

Distribute immune cells.
Clotting mechanisms.

Body temp regulation.
pH regulation.
Pressure regulation.

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2
Q

3 main components of vessel walls

A

1) tunica intima
2) tunica media
3) tunica adventitia

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3
Q

tunica intima

A

Endothelial cells.
Underlying CT.
Inner elastic lamina - made by smooth muscle cells (not always present).

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4
Q

tunica media

A

Smooth muscle.
Elastic lamina*
Elastic fibers*
External elastic lamina*

  • not always present
  • made by smooth muscle cells
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5
Q

tunica adventitia

A

CT.
Blood vessels*
Nerves*

*not always present

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6
Q

elastic arteries

A

Thick tunica media.
Lots of elastic fibers in media.
Expand during systole to reduce pulatile flow.
Fenestrated elastic lamina in tunica media –> communication.
Have own blood/nerve supply.

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7
Q

muscular arteries

A

Thin inner elastic lamina.
Tunica media has some elastic fibers.
External elastic lamina present.
Expand some during systole to reduce pulsatile flow.

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8
Q

small arteries

A

May not have inner elastic lamina.

3-10 layers of smooth muscle.

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9
Q

arterioles

A

No elastic lamina.
< 3 layers of smooth muscle.
Part of “microcirculation.

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10
Q

capillaries

A

Just endothelial cells + basal lamina.
No tunica media/adventitia.
4-10 um diameter – RBCs can barely pass through.

1) Continuous
2) Fenestrated
3) Discontinuous

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11
Q

Continuous capillary

A

1 cell wraps around.
Connected via tight junction.
Located in: nervous system, muscle, CT.

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12
Q

Fenestrated capillary

A

Pores allow small molecules to escape.

Located in: endocrine glands, kidney glomerulus

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13
Q

discontinuous capillary

A

Large openings between cells.
Blood cells can exit.
In lymphoid organs, liver.

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14
Q

pericytes

A

Within basal lamina.
Regulate capillary permeability (blood-brain barrier, phagocytic).
Contractile –> control lumen size.
Control endothelial proliferation.

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15
Q

venules

A

Lined by endothelium.
No tunica media/adventitia.
Leaky –> most lymph and WBC cells exit here.
Histamine sensitive.

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16
Q

small/medium veins

A

Lined by endothelium.
Tunica media w/ smooth muscle.
Thick tunica adventitia.
Valves in extremities.

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17
Q

varicose veins

A

Valves fail.

Blood return is inefficient.

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18
Q

large vein

A 
Brachiocephalic, vena cava.
Very thick.
Endothelial cell lining.
Thin tunica media.
Tunica adventitia has lots of smooth muscle (longitudinal).
Elastic fibers
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19
Q

portal system

A

capillary bed –> vessel –> capillary bed

20
Q

heart wall

A

Epicardium.
Myocardium.
Endocardium.

Pericardium (visceral/parietal).

21
Q

epicardium

A

Outer layer.
Mesothelium, CT, fat, blood vessels.
Equivalent to tunica adventitia.

22
Q

myocardium

A

Middle layer.
Cardiac muscle.
Equivalent to tunica media.

23
Q

endocardium

A

Inner layer.
Endothelium.
Equivalent to tunica intima.

24
Q

pericardium

A

Pericardial sac.
Mesothelium.

Visceral: inner surface (lines organ).
Parietal: outer surface (lines cavity).

25
Q

perkinje fibers

A

In subenocardial CT.
Specialized for conduction.
Contain lots of glycogen stores (increase resistance to hypoxia).

26
Q

atherosclerosis

A 
Thickening of tunica intima.
ECM build up.
Smooth muscle with lipid.
Macrophages with lipid (foam cells).
Cholesterol deposits.
Prone to clotting.

Complications: myocardial infarct, angina, arrhythmias.

27
Q

myocardial infarct

A

Damaged cardiac muscle.

Replaced by fibrous tissue.

28
Q

edema

A

fluid accumulates in interstitial spaces

29
Q

lymph circulation

A

Blind ended capillaries.
Pick up interstitial fluid.
Return fluid toward general circulation via subclavian vein.

30
Q

elephantitis

A

Lymph malfunction.
Fluid accumulates.
Extremely swollen extremities.

31
Q

lymph vessels

A

look like large capillary but with no blood in it

32
Q

neurovascular bundle

A

Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics travel together.

33
Q

components of cardiovascular system

A

Blood vascular system: heart, arteries, capillaries, veins.

Lymphatic vascular system: capillaries, increasingly larger vessels, termination in vascular system.

34
Q

Raynoud’s disease

A

Vasospasm involving dermal capillary beds.

35
Q

abdominal aortic aneurism

A

Due to weakening of the vessel wall (infections, inflammation, genetic).

36
Q

vasa vasorum

A

small blood vessels supplying large vessels

37
Q

lymphedema

A

Caused by lymphatic blockage/ damage, or lymphadenectomy.

Swollen limbs.

38
Q

lymphoid tissues

A

Masses of lymphocytes and associated cells required to mount an immune response.
Either a discrete organ or a mass of cells within various organs.

39
Q

general appearance of lymphoid tissues

A

Little CT.
High number of cells/nuclei per area.
Large nuclear size.
Little cytoplasm.

40
Q

primary lymphoid tissues

A

Bone marrow (development of immunocompetent B-cells).

Thymus (development of immunocompetent T-cells).

41
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT.
Populated by immunocompetent B/T-cells.
All have nodular/diffuse lymphoid tissue

42
Q

development of immunocompetent cells

A

Thymocyte/C-cell precursor is produced.
Developing cells create receptors against anything.
Weed out the cells with receptors against “self.”

43
Q

cytoreticulum

A

Formed from thymic epithelial cells.
Becomes infiltrated by T-cell precursors.
Epithelioreticular cells connected by desmosomes.

44
Q

epithelioreticular cells release:

A

Hormones.

Ex: thymotaxin recruits thymocytes from bone marrow which mature into immunocompetent cells.

45
Q

Epithelioreticular cells

A

Cytokeratin positive.
Support thymocytes.
Surround capillaries.
Contribute to blood-thymus barrier.

46
Q

Hassall’s Corpuscles

A

Unsure of function.
Only in thymic medulla.
Whorls of epithelioreticular cells.

47
Q

lymphoid nodules

A

B-lymphocytes.

Germinal center is lighter area.

Exam 3 (7 decks)

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