Immunology

Question 1

Where is the most bacteria found in the gut?

Answer 1

Large intestine

Question 2

What is dysbiosis

Answer 2

Decrease of healthy bacteria in gut

Question 3

What barriers do we have against bacteria in the gut?

Answer 3

Epithelial 
Enzymes
Stomach acid
MALT
GALT

Question 4

How is the epithelium a good barrier for bacteria?

Answer 4

Mucus layer by goblet cells
Lysosomes by planets cells
Tight junctions

Question 5

Where is malt found?

Answer 5

In the mouth

Tonsils

Question 6

What are the 2 types of galt?

Answer 6

Organised and non organised
Organised = aggregate of lymphoid cells
payer patches
Caecal patches

Non organised = randomly arranged lymphoid cells
Laminate proprietary lymphocytes

Question 7

Which 2 types of T cells are found in intra epithelial lymphocytes

Answer 7

Conventional and non conventional
C= migrate to other tissues
Nc= resident

Question 8

What is the area above and below the m cells called?

Answer 8

Follicle associated epithelium

Sub epithelial dome

Question 9

Which antibodies are found in the gut?

Answer 9

IgA

Question 10

What is lymphocyte homing?

Answer 10

When lymphocytes are activated they return to the same place that they were activated as thus is where they are most likely to be needed

Question 11

Which molecule is important in gut homing?

Answer 11

MAdCAM 1

Expressed in epithelial cells

Question 12

Name some causes of infectious diarrhoea

Answer 12

Cholera
Rotavirus
Norovirus
Salmonella
Shigella

Question 13

How many types of rotaviruses are there?

Answer 13

5 types

Live attenuated vaccine against type A

Question 14

Which property of someone effected by norovirus keeps the epidemic going?

Answer 14

They can transmit the virus after they stop experiencing symptoms

Question 15

What is the most common source of food poisoning?

Answer 15

Campylobacter

Question 16

What is ecoli?

Answer 16

Diverse group of grams negative bacteria that can be commensalism but there are 6 types associated with diarrhoea

Question 17

Which bacteria takes advantage of antibiotic treatment ?

Answer 17

Clostridium difficile

= antibiotics kill many bacteria but some are left which allow cd to invade

Question 18

What is the problem with recurrence of clostridium difficile?

Answer 18

More recurrences you have the more difficult it is to treat

Question 19

What can we do to cure clostridium difficile ?

Answer 19

Faecal transplant

Question 20

What is coeliac disease?

Answer 20

Autoimmune disease to gluten

Gluten specific helper T cells

Question 21

What is irritable bowel syndrome ?

Answer 21

Hypersensitivity due to diet

Causes functional problems

Question 22

What us inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer 22

Inflammatory response to microbiota

Question 23

What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer 23

Ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease

Question 24

What are the symptoms of these three diseases?

Answer 24

Abdominal pain
Cramping
Diarrhoea
Fever

Question 25

Compare the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 25

Ulcerative:
Colon 
Continues inflammation 
Damage mucosa/ submucosa
Surgery 

Crohns 
Anywhere in Gi
Patchy inflammation
Affects whole wall
No surgery