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Micro Test 1 Albertson > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Sequence of related host defense events beginning when a host encounters a substance as being “foreign” or “non-self” and leading to cellular and chemical defensive actions

A

Immune Response

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2
Q

What are the 8 various blood cells?

A 
Stem cell
Erythrocyte
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
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3
Q

What are the general functions of lymph nodes and the spleen?

A

Site of some immune response activities

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4
Q

State the major characteristics of antigens, including the chemical nature and the typical minimal size.

A

Stimulates an immune response and reacts with antibodies or T-cell receptors.
Chemical Nature: Protein with complex 3-D configuration
Size: Relatively large molecule

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5
Q

The specific part of the immunogen (antigen) that specifies or determines the exact antibody to be produced.

A

Epitope

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6
Q

Antigen- specific proteins which bind to specific sites on antigens and assist in inactivating the antigen by attaching to it.

A

Antibody

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7
Q

What is the role of the Fab site? How man Fab is/are there on one immunoglobulin molecule?

A

Antigen specific binding site (lock and key for specific antigens).
2 Fab sites on outer branches

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8
Q

What are the major characteristics of innate responses?

A

Innate: non specific, general recognition and response to “foreign” substance.
- Route of transmission or portal or entry and type of microbe determine the nature of innate response.

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9
Q

What are the major characteristics of adaptive responses?

A

Adaptive: Specific response to “foreign” substance.

- Pre committed cells and tissues respond against the ‘foreign’ substance.

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10
Q

What are the differences between innate and adaptive responses?

A

Innate:

  • Non-specific, general recognition and response.
  • Rote, portal, or entry and type of microbe determine the nature.

Adaptive:

  • Specific response
  • Pre committed cells and tissues respond
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11
Q

Describe the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) protein classes, where each is found, and what are their roles?

A

Class I: (one amino acid chain) found on virtually every cell in body.

Class II: (two amino acid chains) found only on immunocompetent cells, particularly B-cells and macrophages.

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12
Q

What significant surface molecule are on T-cells and what are their roles?

A

CD3: Mark mature T-cells
CD28: get the activation co-signal from CD80/86 on APC
CD40 receptor: bonds with B-cell on CD40
LFA-1: adhesion molecule on T-cell

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13
Q

What significant surface molecule are on B-cells and what are their roles?

A

CD40: Bonds with T-cells (CD40 receptor)
CD19,20, and 21: Used for identification
CD80/86: When B-cell acts as APC (binds with T-cells)

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14
Q

Where do the T-cells mature and where do they concentrate after they mature?

A

They mature in the thymus and concentrate in the lymph nodes

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15
Q

Where do the B-cells mature and where do they concentrate after they mature?

A

They mature in the bone marrow and concentrate in the peripheral lymphoid tissue

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16
Q

Bind antigens to specific receptors on the APC surface then place some digested antigen on their MHC-II molecule “present” it to the helper T-cells

A

Antigen-Presenting Cell

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17
Q

State the different types of Antigen-Presenting Cells and where they are found, significant surface components, and the major roles/ activities of APCs.

A

Macrophages: Capture antigenic material (whole microbes) via phagocytes
-Found: on Ag on MHC-11

B- Lymphocytes: capture “digested” antigenic material via antigen- specific B-Cell receptors (B-cells are not phagocytic)
-Found: On Ag on MHC-II

Dendritic Cells: little to no phagocytic capacity but process numerous MHC-II (good at capturing and presenting antigens)

  • Found: Specific tissues initially then migrate
  • Role: initiating antigen- specific T-cell responses
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18
Q

What are the primary cells involved in cell-mediated immunity response?

A

APC
T-lymphocytes (helper and cytotoxic)
Natural Killer

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19
Q

What are the primary cells involved in humoral immunity?

A

APC
Activated Helper T-lymphocyte
B-lymphocyte

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20
Q

Describe the key composite and activities of helper T-cells.

A
  • Possess CD4 in addition CD3 and surface proteins

- Recognize antigen bound to MHC-II of APC

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21
Q

Describe the key composition and activities of cytotoxic T-cells.

A
  • Posses CD8 and LFA-1
  • Requires IL-2 from activated Helper-T for initial CD8 a activation and proliferation
  • Destroy target cells by releasing granules containing toxic substances
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22
Q

A proteoglycan which serves to assemble a complex containing granzymes and perforin

A

Serglycin

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23
Q

A membrane- penetrating protein which creates an entrance into the target cell

A

Perforin

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24
Q

Cytotoxic protease molecules which cleave various proteins in the target cell’s cytoplasm thus leading to apoptotic death of the target cell

A

Granzymes

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25
Q

How are cytotoxic T-cells activated?

A
  • Requires contact between antigen on MHC-1 and TCR
  • Requires contact between LFA-1 and ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule)
  • “immunological synapse” between two cells (CTL and Target cell)
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26
Q

Remembers the antigen to which it is COMMITTED to respond QUICKLY

A

Memory Cells

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27
Q

What is the overall role of the cell-mediated immunity system?

A

Provide antigen-specific protection against intracellular viruses, intracellular bacteria, parasites, fungi, tumors, and transplanted organs through killing function of activated T-cell and NK

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28
Q

In the humoral response, ________-lymphocytes are activated to differentiate into_______ and produce.

A

B-lymphocytes

Plasma

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29
Q

The attachment of immunoglobulin molecules to the surface of an antigen (bacteria cell), MARKING the cell for rapid phagocytosis and increasing phagocyte adherence to cell.

A

Opsonization

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30
Q

IgM

A

Size: Largest, confined to blood vessels, 10 binding sites
Timing: 5 to 10 days for initial, 30 days production ends
Lifespan: short, 1/2=5 days
Relative concentration: moderate (120mg/dL)
Functions: Provides protection during primary response
Opsonizing effect
Blood stream defense
Activated complement

31
Q

Which Is can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

32
Q

Which Ig activate complement?

A

IgM and IgG

33
Q

Which Ig have a potential opsonizing effect?

A

IgM and IgG

34
Q

Which Ig provides most of the defense for mucosal areas?

A

IgA

35
Q

Which Ig is elected by the parasitic infections?

A

IgE

36
Q

Which Ig is produced in the greatest concentration?

A

IgG

37
Q

Which Ig is increased during some allergic reactions?

A

IgE

38
Q

Which Ig is produced first in sequence from plasma cells?

A

IgM

39
Q

Which Ig provides major protection during primary response?

A

IgM

40
Q

Which Ig provides major protection during secondary response?

A

IgG

41
Q

Describe the function of IgE on mast cells in allergic reactions?

A

The cell releases histamines and other chemical mediators

42
Q

What is the overall role of the humoral system?

A
  • Neutralization of toxins

- Immunity to bacteria and some viruses by means of opsonizating immunoglobulins

43
Q

The events which occur in the host’s immune system following FIRST TIME EXPOSURE to a specific foreign substance.

A

Primary response

44
Q

RAPID and highly SPECIFIC response by the host’s immune system against a specific foreign substance which had been PREVIOUSLY ENCOUNTERED.

A

Secondary response

45
Q

Primary response memory cells.

A

Absent

46
Q

Secondary response time for Ig production.

A

Short

47
Q

Primary response time for Ig production.

A

Lengthy

48
Q

Primary response major Ig produced.

A

IgM

49
Q

Secondary response major Ig produced.

A

IgG

50
Q

Secondary response memory cells.

A

Present

51
Q

What is Active Immunity?

A
  • Results from direct stimulation of host immune system
  • Duration of effects: long-lasting (due to production of memory cells)
  • Primed to give secondary response (memory cells produced)
52
Q

What is Passive Immunity?

A
  • Results from transfer of pre-formed immunoglobulins and/or cells from a donor to the host (host immunize system does not participate)
  • Duration of effects: transient, short-lived
  • Not primed to give secondary response (no memory cells produced)
53
Q

IgM relative size and Fab site

A

Largest, confined to blood vessels, pentamer of 5 basic molecules- 10 binding sites

54
Q

IgG relative size

A

Smallest; passes through capillary walls and placenta

55
Q

IgA relative size and Fab site

A

Medium; dimmer (two molecules joined) (secretory component facilitates entrance into secretory tissues)

56
Q

IgE relative size and Fab site

A

Medium; monomer

57
Q

IgD relative size

A

Small; monomer

58
Q

Timing of production: IgM

A
  • First immunoglobulins to appear in repose to initial exposure to antigen (5-10days)
  • Production ends in about 30 days
59
Q

Timing of production: IgG

A
  • Begins several days after stimulation (10 days) -primary
  • Begins very soon after stimulation (1-3 days) -secondary
  • Says high for weeks or months
60
Q

Timing of production: IgA

A

-Soon after stimulation (no difference in primary and secondary)

61
Q

Lifespan: IgE

A

Shortest; T1/2= 1.5 to 2 days

62
Q

Lifespan: IgA

A

Short; T1/2= 6 days

63
Q

Lifespan: IgG

A

Longest; T1/2= 23 days

64
Q

Lifespan: IgM

A

Short; T1/2= 5 days

65
Q

Relative Concentration: IgE

A

Lowest of all Igs

66
Q

Relative Concentration: IgA

A

Moderate

67
Q

Relative Concentration: IgG

A

Highest

68
Q

Relative Concentration: IgM

A

Moderate

69
Q

Functions: IgM

A
  • Primary Response
  • Opsonizing effect (enhances of target cells by phagocytes)
  • Activates complement
70
Q

Functions: IgG

A
  • Provides major protection during secondary response
  • Highly specific
  • Protection against circulating bacteria and viruses
  • Small enough to pass through placenta (protection of newborn)
  • Activates complement
  • Opsonizing effect
71
Q

Functions: IgA

A
  • Defense through human secretions

- NOT activate complement

72
Q

Functions: IgD

A

Surface receptor on B-cell (helps initiate immune response)

73
Q

Functions: IgE

A
  • Allergic reactions
  • Increased production in parasitic infections
  • Does not activate complement

Micro Test 1 Albertson (2 decks)

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