Characteristic Of Microorganisms Flashcards
In a Eurcaryotic Cell the nuclear membrane is?
Present
In eurcaryotic cells chromosomes are?
Multiple, liner
In eurcaryotic cells cell replication is?
Mitosis
In eurcaryotic cells there are how many specialized organelles?
Several
In prokaryotic cells there are how many specialized organelles?
Few
In prokaryotic cells energy production happens where?
On the membrane
In prokaryotic cells cell replication happens by?
Binary Fission
In prokaryotic cells chromosomes are?
Singular, circle
In prokaryotic cells the nuclear membrane is?
Absent
Process a major antigen that may be common to more than one species of the genus’ Capital letters
Antigenic Group
Specific antigen that is very limited to closely related organisms.
Antigenic type
Major shapes and arrangements of bacteria cell.
Cocci- Spherical
Bacillus- Cylinder or rod
Spirillum or Spirochete- Spiral, cork
Components of bacteria cytoplasm and function
Thick aqueous solution
Cell sap- (nutrients, waste removal) Metabolism
Mechanism and genetic material (RNA, DNA, Ribosomes) Replication
Components of bacterial cytoplasmic membrane
Proteins, Phospholipid bilayer
- Selective permeability
- Energy production
- Synthesis and transport
- Secretion
What is the major functions of bacteria cell wall?
- Shape and rigidity
- Production from outside
- Place where antigenic can attach
Metabolically dormant, heat resistant structure within the cytoplasm of certain gram-positive bacteria and function?
Endospore; survival under adverse environmental conditions
What is the mucous (slimy) material surrounding certain bacterial cells and function?
Capsule;
- Resistant to phagocytosis (slime)
- Hide surface antigens (ocean)
- Can aid in attachment (gum)
Thread-like structures on exterior of bacteria cells and their composition?
Flagellum: long spender, several times the appendage of the cell
Fimbriae: short, thin, glycoprotein strands protruding from cell
Function of flagellum
Motility
Bundles of fibrils arising at ends of cell beneath outer sheath and spiral around the cell (cause corkscrew motion)
Axial filaments
Function of fimbriae
Aid in bacteria attachment to appropriate cells (sex pili)
A gram- positive wall has a peptidoglycan % of?
60-80%
A gram-negative wall has a peptidoglycan % of?
10-20%
Components of gram-positive cell wall
N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetulmuramic
Peptidoglycan
Components of gram-negative cell wall
????
What is the space between peptidoglycan and the “outer membrane”
Periplasmic space
Clump of a few million identical bacteria originating from the same bacterium is?
Colony
Most medically significant bacteria will reproduce about _________ under optimal conditions.
30-60 minutes
Requires atmospheric oxygen
Aerobic
Requires reduced oxygen concentration
Microaerophilic
Requires absence of oxygen
Anaerobic
Can grow in presence or absence of oxygen
Facultative
Typical medically significant bacteria optimal temp, pH, CO2, and humidity for growth.
T: 35c
PH: 6.8-7.4
H: 60-80%
CO2: Most do not need but some need 5%
Module cells that are multicellular long filaments are called _________.
When these cells/ structures grow in a mass, they are referred to as ___________.
Hyphae
Mycelium
Reproductive forms of moulds typically grow on ___________.
Vegetative Hyphae
Moulds typically grow on _______ and they contain antibiotics to inhibit what?
Artificial media
Bacteria growth
Not to be considered to be a living organism
Virus
What is the inner-most structure of the virus and what’s is it composed of and function?
Core; Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
Function: general info
What is the structure found on the exterior of only certain viruses?
Envelope
What is the envelope composed of?
Lipid bilayer acquired from host cell or nude clear membrane
Glycoproteins (spikes)- site for attachment and serve as antigen
What is the function of the envelope
- Lipid bilayer provides protection from environment
- Proteins are primary site of attachment to host cell surface
- Proteins serve as antigens during infection and site for antibody attachment
Bacterial viruses are structurally similar to animal viruses, but with an additional structure known as the ________. One significant role of this additional structure is
Tail
Penetrating cell wall and injecting nucleic acid
Steps of the virus infection
1- Attachment
2- Penetration and uncoating of nucleic acid
3- Eclipse or synthesis phase (genetic code translated into proteins, virus takes control of host)
4- Maturation (assemble and package)
5- Release (budding and lysis)
What major mechanism involving the entrance of a virus into a human cell?
Method similar to ingestion into phagocytosis or fusion of envelope with host cell’s cytoplasmic membrane
What are the major mechanisms of viral genetic code translation into protein in a virus- infected cell?
….
How do enveloped viruses exit the infected cell?
Budding
How do non-enveloped viruses exit the infected cell?
Lysis
Latency of a viral infection
DNA of certain viruses can incorporate into the host DNA and lie dormant for long period if time
What growth conditions are required for virus replication?
A living cell
Locomotion: Amoebae
move by pseudopodia (false feet)
Major morphologic stages of Protozoa
Trophozoite Stage
-active, vegetative, feeding stage
Cystic Stage
-dormant, nonmotile, non feeding stage
One body part, non-segmented, leaf shaped
Trematodes
Multi body parts, segmented
Cestodes
Cells which are about 1.2 um in diameter, grow on routine culture media, and reproduce by binary fission is known as?
Prokaryotic
A microbe which consisted of segmented body parts and is about 50 mm in length
Cestodes (tapeworms)
A microbe which reproduces only when it is inside a living host cell
Virus
How can “typical” bacteria be differentiated from “atypical”
Ability to grow or not grow on routine culture media
Locomotion: Flagellates
move by flagella (whip-like)
Locomotion: Cilliates
move by cilia (short hair-like)
Locomotion: Apicomplexans
non-motile
