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M2 Block1 Exam1 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

IL1

A

Causes fever, acute inflammation.

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2
Q

HOT T-bone stEAK meaning

A 
1 - IL1 causes fever "hot"
2 - IL2 stimulates T-cell
3 - IL3 stimulates bone marrow 
4 - IL4 stimulates IgE production
5 - IL5 stimulates IgA production
6 - IL-6 stimulates acute phase protein production
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3
Q

IL8

A

“Clean up on Isle 8”
IL8 recruits neutrophils to clear infection

once it has recruited the macrophages it induces phagocytosis and promotes angiogenesis

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4
Q

IL12

A

induces differentiation into Th1 subtype

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5
Q

TNFa
what is it produced by (3)
what are threeactions (3)

A

produced by mast cells, macrophages and Th1 cells mediates septic shock
WBC recruitment via increased expression of selectins and integrins
vascular leakage
formation and maintenece of granulomas

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6
Q

INFg (3 roles) one main role

A

produced by NK cells and Th1 cells to activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes

  1. main macrophage activating factor
  2. activate the phagocyte oxidase system in macs
  3. makes macrophages become epitheliod cells in granulomas
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7
Q

IL10

A

attenuates the inflammatory response. decreases MHCII and TH1 cytoines. works along with TGFb

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8
Q

receptors of the innate immunity are encoded in the

A

germline

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9
Q

TLRs are expressed on

A

cells of the innate immune system (DC, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells)

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10
Q

TLR-4 is expressed where and binds what

A

on the plasma membrane and binds tp LPS

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11
Q

TLR-3is expressed where and binds what

A

on the endosome and binds dsDNA of virus

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12
Q

TLR 4 can activate what two pathways

A

1: TLR4 recruits MyD88 –> NFkB –> production proinflammatory cytokines
2: TLR4 recruits TRIF –> interferon regulatory factors (IRF) –> INFa and INF b

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13
Q

Describe the inflammasome pathway

A

The inflammasome pathway oligomerization of several proteins (NLRP3) in response to microbial products –> caspase 1 activation. Cas1 will cleave pro IL1 to make IL1. ) (remember IL1 –> Feeever)

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14
Q

cell classically responsible for linking the innate and adaptive immune reponses

A

DCs

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15
Q

plasmacytoid DCs produce

A

Type 1 INF

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16
Q

what stimulates expansion of NKs

A

IL15, IL12, IFNa and b

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17
Q

in inhibitory receptor of an NK call binds to?

A

MHCI - in an infectedc ell, MHC I will be drecreased and so will not be able to engage with the inhibitoyry NK receptor –> killing by NK cells

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18
Q

the body protects against Helminths mainly by

A

mast cells, basophils and eosinophils

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19
Q

the second signal for the activation of immune cells is provided by

A

innate immunity molecules such as IL6, C3b, IL12 and by B7 costimulatory molecules int he case of T cells

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20
Q

most commong Ab found in the blood

A

IgG

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21
Q

which antibodies have 4 repeating Ig domains

A

IgM and IgE

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22
Q

Which antibodies ahve 3 repearing Ig domains

A

IgA, IgD and IgG

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23
Q

IgE exists as a

A

monomer

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24
Q

IgA exists as a

A

multimer

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25
Q

IgM exists as a

A

multimer

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26
Q

IgG exists as a monomer

A

monomer

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27
Q

Ab involved in opsonization

A

IgG

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28
Q

primary antibody that crosses the placental barrier?

A

IgG

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29
Q

IgM exists as a

A

monomer and exists on the surface of B-cell

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30
Q

allotype refers to

A

polymorphisms in the constant regions of heavy and light chains that differ btw individuals

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31
Q

idiotype

A

distinguished from one another by their hypervariable regions

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32
Q

epitope

A

site on antigen that Ab recognizes

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33
Q

valency

A

number of antigenic determinants posessed by an antigen

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34
Q

affinity v avidity

A

affinity means Kd, Avidity means number of binding sites

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35
Q

Active v Passive immunity

A

in active immunity, a microbial antigen is given to a person and they develop immunity to that antigen due to formation of memmory cells. Passive immunity is when you give the serum (with antibodies) from the serum of an immune indivisual, but you do not develop memory.

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36
Q

name of the enzyme that ass random nucelotides to a TCR

A

TdT : terminal deoxy-transferase

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37
Q

name of the enzyme that rearranges the DNA segments of a TCR

A

RAG

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38
Q

what is the first signal in the TCR activation series?

A

the first signal is the binding of a TCR-CD4/8 complex with MHC

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39
Q

what is the second signal in the TCR activation series/

A

the second signal is the binding of CD28 in the T-cell by B7 on the DC

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40
Q

TH1 cells secrete

A

INFg

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41
Q

Th1 cells action?

A

activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes

help B-cells by promoting class switching to complement binding antibodies IgG1 and IgG3

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42
Q

Th2 cells activate

A

B-cells

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43
Q

Th2 cells secrete

A

IL4 and IL5

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44
Q

Th17 cells do what?

A

activate neutrophils

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45
Q

Th17 cells produce

A

IL17 and IL22

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46
Q

Tregs produce

A

IL10 and TGFb

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47
Q

what do tregs do?

A

they help to regulate the immune system and suppress immune rsponses

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48
Q

what kind of t-cell protects against intracellular organisms

A

Th1 cell

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49
Q

what cytokine drives the induction of a Th1 cell?

A

IL12 and INFg

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50
Q

what induces TH2 cells?

A

IL4

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51
Q

Th2 cells produce what?

A

IL4, IL5

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52
Q

effect of Th2 cells?

A

IgE antibody induction

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53
Q

direct effect of IL5?

A

activates esoinophils

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54
Q

drect effect of IL4

A

IgE antibody production

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55
Q

IL4 and IL13 will illicit

A

an alternatively activated macrophage

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56
Q

define a classical macrophage, or M1

A

a macrophage that is activated by INFg. they act in the “classical”way and are involved in killing and phagocytosis

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57
Q

describe alternatively activated macriphages

A

they are activated by IL4 and IL13 and produce TNFb and IL10. they ahve antiinflammatroy effects and are involved in wound healing

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58
Q

what illicits a TH17 cell?

A

TGFb, IL6 and IL23

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59
Q

what is the effect of IL17

A

recruits neutrophils , involved in defending against extracellular bacteria and fungi

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60
Q

IL22 effects?

A

Promotes inflammation

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61
Q

receptor necessary for B-cell and T-cell joining?

A

CD40

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62
Q

CD40 and CD40L are expressed on what

A

CD40 is expressed on the B-cell

CD40L is expressed on the T-cell

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63
Q

what is required for germinal center rxns to start?

A

CD40-CD40L

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64
Q

hyper IgM syndrome is caused by

A

mutations in CD40 or CD40 L; these are required for the germinal center rxn of a b-cell where it will undergo class switching. no class switching = only IgM

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65
Q

what is the function of short lived plasma cells

A

they branch off of the Thelp pathway and secrete yuge amounts of IgM antibody for a short amount of time before dying

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66
Q

long lived plasma cells do what?

A

they return back to the bone marrow where they secrete a yuge amount of IgG specific to the Antigen

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67
Q

memory B-cell v long lived plasma cell?

A

re-exposure leads to re-activation and rapid proliferation and antibody secretion. only memory cells these show memory upon re-eposure

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68
Q

How is a CD4+ memory T-cell activated again?

A

ou only need one signal which can be the TCR and MHC peptide expressed on B-cells.

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69
Q

what types of cells are part of the myeloid lineage?

A

monocytes, macriphages - aka phagocytes. they are involved in innate immunity

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70
Q

polymorphonuclear cells are

A

eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils

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71
Q

cells of the lymphoid lineage

A

t lymphocytes
b lymphocytes
NK cells

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72
Q

where in the spleen do lymphoctes counter antigen presented by an APC and is activated

A

in the white pulp

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73
Q

where do T and B lymphoctes enter the lymph node

A

through the HEV

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74
Q

3 actions of Thelper cells

A
  1. produce cytokines to activate macrophages that have phagocytosed antigens
  2. actiavte neutrophils through cytokines
  3. help b cells to produce antibodies and T-cells to proliferate
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75
Q

what are TLRs presented on?

A

TLRs are presented on innate immunity cells: macrophges, DC, neutrophils.

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76
Q

what are the two downstream effects of TLR stimulation?

A

engaging MyD88 –> activationNFkB and proinflamatory cytokines

engaging TRIF –> activation of IRF3 and production of IFN a&b

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77
Q

what is an inflammasome

A

it is a multiprotein complex tht activates inflammatory processes

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78
Q

how does the inflammasome work?

A

assembly of multiple complexes leads to cas1 activation and results in cleavage of pro-IL1 and secretion of IL1

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79
Q

cells that link adaptive and innate response

A

DC

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80
Q

Dcs produce what in response to infection

A

INF a

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81
Q

what is the inhibitory signal for NKs

A

MHCI

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82
Q

difference in B and T cells binding to antigen?

A

B-cells an bind directly to antigens whereas Tcells can only respond to antigen presented by MHC on an APC

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83
Q

function of IgA

A

mucosal immunity

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84
Q

function of IgE

A

immedaite hypersneistiviy and helminths

85
Q

IgG function (4)

A
  1. opsonization,
  2. complement activation,
  3. antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity,
  4. neonatal immunity
86
Q

IgM f(x)

A

naive B-cell antigen receptor. compliment activation

87
Q

allotype defintion

A

polymorphisms in the Fc of heavy and light chains that differ btw individuals

88
Q

idiotype refers to

A

antibody molecules that can be distinguished by their hypervariable regions

89
Q

when are antigen - antibody complexes the smallest?

A

when antigens or antibodies are in excess

90
Q

first step in recruitment of leukocytes

A

cells adhere to upregulated selectins

91
Q

second step in recruitment of leukocytes to a site of inflammation

A

integrins on the surface of leukocytes get activated by chemokines and itneract with ICAM1 expressed on the surface of the endothelium

92
Q

what do neutriphils express that help them to get into a site of infxn?

A 
ligands for P and E selectin 
express LFA1 (binds to ICAM)
93
Q

what do monocytes express that helps them to get into the site of infxn?

A

ligands for P and E selectin

VLA-4 that binds to VCAM1

94
Q

what are acute phase proteins

A

these are proteins expressed by the liver that coat the microbe surface & f(x) as opsoin

include CRP, serum amyloid proteins and mannose binding lectin

95
Q

in chronic granulomatous disease

A

there is a deficiency in NADPH

96
Q

what are the two systems of killing microbes in macrophages

A

1 - phagocyte oxidase system

2- proteolytic enzyme productioin

97
Q

what is the phagocyte oxidase system in marophages

A

inducible iNos, induced by INFg, geneated ROS, NO and toxic radicals. Can use arginine

98
Q

what are the proteolytic enzymes in a macrophage?

A

activated by an increase in pH –> generation of cathespin G

99
Q

How do neutrophils kill?

A
  1. bacterium is phagocytosed by a neutrophil
  2. The phagosome fuses with granules
  3. the pH of the phagosome rises and microbe is killed
  4. pH of phagosome decreases and phagosome and lysosome merge. bacterium degrqaded
  5. neutrophilic apoptosis
  6. remnants phagocytosed by a macrophage
100
Q

acute inflammation will consist of

A

edema and infiltration by neutrophils

101
Q

transudate

A

disturbance of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure. no increase in vascular permeability

102
Q

exudate

A

due to inflammation - due to an increase in vascular pereability

103
Q

main mediators of vasodillation

A

histamine, NO, PGI2 and PGE2

104
Q

what is seratonin released by

A

platelets

105
Q

the three major pro-inflammatory cytkines are

A

IL1 IL6 and TNFa

106
Q

the major antiinflammatory cytokines are

A

IL10 and TGFb

107
Q

4 major plasma derived systems that play a key role in inflammation

A

kinin system
coagulation system
fibrinolytic system
complement system

108
Q

Factor XII and Hageman factor

A

when there is damage to the endothelium it gets activated by interacting with negative components wand will activate all of the plasma derived systems. kinin, coagulation, fibrinolytic, complement

109
Q

what is the kinin system

A

produces vasoactive kinins, such as bradykinins –> vasodilation, permeability and pain

110
Q

the clotting system action

A

induces formation of thrombin –> inflammatory properties

111
Q

the fibrinolytic system

A

produces plasmin and degrades fibrin –> inflammation

112
Q

the complement system

A

produces C3a and C5a, anaphylotoxins

113
Q

a burn will cause what type of inflammation

A

serious

114
Q

where would you characteristically find fibrinous inflammation?

A

lining of the body cavities, meninges and pericardium

115
Q

are the vascular leaks large or small in fibrinous inflammation

A

they are very large

116
Q

acute appendicitis is a good example of

A

a purulent inflammation

117
Q

what is an abscess

A

localized collection of purulent inflammatory tissue caused by suppuration in a tissue, and organ or a confined space

118
Q

2 bacteria that are associted with pseudomembraneous infections

A

c.diff and diptheria

119
Q

ulcers are asssociated with what type of necrosis

A

liquefactive

120
Q

acute inflammation ends due to what 3 signaling molc.

A

lipoxins from Arachadonic Acid
resolvins
IL10 & TGFb

121
Q

langerhans giant cells

A

in granulomatous inflamamtion activated macrophages fuse to form - nuclei are arrenged around the periphery of the cell in a horshoe pattern

122
Q

foreign body giant cells

A

in granulomatous inflammation macrophages fuse - nuceli are haphazardly arranged

123
Q

granulomas have ____ necrosis in the middle

A

caseus

124
Q

shift to the left refers to

A

when TNF causes release of neutrophils from the BM, including immature forms

125
Q

see neutrophilia in response to

A

an acute inflammation

126
Q

see lymphocytosis in response to

A

viral infections

127
Q

see monocytosis in response to

A

chronic inflammation

128
Q

see eosinophilia in response to

A

allergic rxns

129
Q

rouleaux formations may indicate

A

acute inflammation: inflammation –>increase in fibrinogen –> decrease in negative charge on RBCs –> increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate

130
Q

T-cells itneract with macrophages in order to

A

boost the macrophage response. aka the t-cell is telling the macrophage what to do

131
Q

TCR cannot bind peptides unless they are bound by an______

A

MHC

132
Q

which TCR chain rearranges first?

A

the TCR b chain because it is more complicated

133
Q

name of enzyme that rearranges the thymocye to create the CDR

A

RAG

134
Q

name of the enzyme that adds random nucelotides to a TCR

A

TdT

135
Q

define positive selection

A

makes sure that a thymocyte can bind to MHC I or II and will make it a CD4 or CD8 positive cell

136
Q

define negative selection

A

if a t-cell binds to a “self” antigen presented in the thymus it is marked for killing

137
Q

what is signal two needed to initiate t-cell activation?

A

the binding of CD28 on the T cell and B7 on the DC

138
Q

Tregs produce what

A

TNFb and IL10

139
Q

Th1 stiulates what kind of antibody switching?

A

IgG1 and IgG3

140
Q

Th2 stimulates what class switching?

A

IgE

141
Q

Th1 protect against

A

intracellular microbes and recruit neutrophils

142
Q

Th17 cells protect against

A

extracellular bacteria and fungi

143
Q

Th2 cells protect against

A

helminths

144
Q

which antibodies mediate the complemnt system

A

IgG and IgM

145
Q

which antibody is responsible for neutralization of microbes and toxins?

A

IgG

146
Q

which antibody is responsible for activation of the classical pathway of complement?

A

IgG and IgM

147
Q

which antibody is responsible for mucosal immunity?

A

IgA

148
Q

which antibody is responsible for OPSONIZATION of antigens for phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils?

A

IgG

149
Q

which antibody is responsible for eosinophil and mase-cell mediated defense?

A

IgE

150
Q

which antibody is responsible for antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

A

IgG

151
Q

which antibody is responsible for

A

neonatal immunity: transfer of maternal antibody across plawcenta and gut

152
Q

which antibody is responsible for feedback inhibition of B-cell activation?

A

IgG

153
Q

What is Fc Rn, what is it used for and how does it work?

A

Neonatal Fc receptor

It will bind IgG in the endosome and then release IgG - allows recycling of the IgG –> its really long half life

154
Q

which Ab circulates in the blood?

A

IgG

155
Q

which Ab is in the mucosa?

A

IgA

156
Q

the binding of the Fc receptor of an antibody that is coating a microbe will bind to a phagocytic cell and cause

A

phagocytosis, killing of Ig coated cell and degranulation of mast cells and eosinophils

157
Q

which receptor on an NK cell binds to IgG coated cells leading to phagocytosis of the microbe and killing?

A

FcgRIII

158
Q

what receptor on an NK cell will bind to helminth coated with IgE leading to eosinophil deganulation?

A

FceR1

159
Q

name of the receptor that transports IgA

A

poly-ig receptor

160
Q

what antibodies are transported across the placenta to the baby

A

IgG

161
Q

what antibodies do neonates get from breast milk?

A

IgG

162
Q

products of the complement system covalently bind

A

microbial cell surface, ab bound to microbes and ab bound to tissue

163
Q

what part of the complement system is important for nisseria infections?

A

Membrane attack complex

164
Q

for encapsulated bacteria, which complement system will be most effective?

A

classical due to the MAC

165
Q

deficiency of what leads to lupus

A

C2/C4 –> inability to make C3b for clearance via CR1 binding

166
Q

C1 inhibitor will

A

is a serine protease inhibitor that will cause th dissociation of C1s ad C1r from C1q

167
Q

DAF

A

is an inbitor of complement whihc binds to C3b or C4b, which are components of C3 concertase in classical and alternative, respectively, and keeps them from cleaving C3

168
Q

S protein

A

will bind to C7 and C8 of the complement system and prevent them from inserting themsleves into the membrane forming the MAC

169
Q

CD59

A

inhibits C9 polymerization –> MAC failure

170
Q

intracellular microbes induce what kind of T-cells

A

Th1

171
Q

extracellular microbes induce what kind of T-cells?

A

Th2

172
Q

in fungal infections what kind of immune response is detrimental to the host?

A

Th2

173
Q

IFNg induces

A

macropages

174
Q

viral replication is inhibited by

A

INFa and INfb

175
Q

what kind of T-cell response do you want in parasitic infections?

A

Th1

176
Q

what is the prinipal mediator of septic shock?

A

TNFa

177
Q

mechanism of antigenic variation for the influenza virus?

A

antigenic shift

178
Q

what is antigenic shift

A

reassortment of virus RNA genomes responsible for influenca virus

179
Q

what is the purpose of using an adjuvant

A

adjuvants will illicit innate immune rsponses and ehance T and B cell responses.

180
Q

the best vaccines produce

A

a high affinity neutralizing antibody & memory cell

181
Q

what are the chemotactic factors that neutrophils follow when trafficking to a site of infection

A

C5a, LTB4, bacterial products and IL8

182
Q

the MPO system occurs in what cell type

A

neutrophils and monocytes - NOT macriphages

183
Q

il8

A

chemotaxis

184
Q

IL6

A

increased liver synthesis of acute ohase proteins

185
Q

what is granulation tissue

A

it is the vascularized tissue composed of blood vessels and activated fibroblsts

186
Q

what recruits cells for granuloma formation

A

tnf a and INFg

187
Q

What occurs in healing by primary intention?

A

fibrin clot –> neutrophilic infilatration –> macrophages –> granulation tissue –> collagen type III –> remodeling to type I collagen

188
Q

healing by second intention is when

A

wound contraction is caused due to increased numbers of fibroblasts

189
Q

cytokine responsible for acute phase protein release from the liver

A

IL6

190
Q

INFg induces class swithcing to

A

IgG

191
Q

IL4 induces class switching to

A

IgE

192
Q

termiantion of acute inflammation by

A

Lipoxins
resolvins and
TGFb

193
Q

HSP ROLE

A

They participate in the process of protecting newly formed polypeptides from misfolding (chaperones) and help the cell get rid of already misfolded or damaged proteins by binding them to ubiquitin and thus making them targeted for digestion by specific proteases (cellular housekeeping)

194
Q

another name for necoptosis

A

programmed necrosis

195
Q

does necroptosis use caspases?

A

NO

196
Q

nexroptosis uses what enzymes

A

RIP1 and RIP3

197
Q

in what kind of cells does pyroptosis occur in?

A

occurs in cells infected by microbes

198
Q

oyroptosis ivoles the actiation of

A

Cas 1 which cleaves pro-IL1 to make IL 1

199
Q

SIRTUINS

A

Sirtuins are thought to promote the expression of several genes whose products increase longevity. Include proteins that inhibit metabolic activity, reduce apoptosis, stimulate protein folding, and inhibit the harmful effects of oxygen free radicals.

200
Q

Organs with dual blood circulations like intestines and lung undergo what type of necrosis

A

hemorrhagic

201
Q

cd16 / FcgRIII is

A

the receptor that an IgG that is opsonizing a microbe will use to signal to a phagocytic cell

202
Q

t dependent antigens are usually

A

polysacharrides

203
Q

how does e. coli undergo antigenic variation?

A

pilli mutations

204
Q

antigenic shift responsible for influenza pandemic

A

reassortment of virus RNA genome

205
Q

most effective vaccines are

A

those that produce high affinity neutralizing Abs nad memory cells

206
Q

how do adjuvants works

A

they illicit innate immune responses via IL12 and enhance T cell and B cell responses

207
Q

when are Th2 responses deady to the host?

A

Fungi and protazoa

208
Q

chemotactic agents

A

LTB4, C5a, IL8

209
Q

vasodilation is mediated by

A

prostaglandins

M2 Block1 Exam1 (4 decks)

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