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Physiology 209 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the Immune System

A

Primary Organs

  • Stem cells from the yolk sac and Fetal Liver
  • Bone Marrow
  • thymus gland

Secondary Organ

  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
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2
Q

Types of Antigens

A
  1. Immunogen
  2. Hapten (+carrier = immunogen)
  3. Allergen
  4. Tolerogen
  5. Ligand
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3
Q

The three lines of Host Defenses

A
  1. The covering of the body (skin and mucous membranes)
  2. The innate immune response
  3. The adaptive (aquired) immune response
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4
Q

What the skin and Mucous membranes provide the body

A

-unpleasant living conditions for microorganisms

via epidermis, Mucus, pH, enzymes

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5
Q

Mode of transmission for airway

A
  • inhaled droplet

- spores

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6
Q

Mode of transmission for GIT

A

Contaminated water or food.

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7
Q

Microbial Recognition strategies

A

Recognition of microbial non-self
-detection of unique, conserved structures that are essential to microbial physiology (Molecular signatures of infection)

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

  • lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram negative bacteria
  • Peptidoglycan (PGN) of gram-positive bacteria

PAMPs are recognized by immune system receptors called Pattern Recognition Receptors (RRR) including toll-like receptors.

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8
Q

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

A
  • a family of highly conserved type 1 transmembrane receptors
  • essential for microbial recognition via PAMPs

N-terminal extracellular leucine-rich repect (LRR)

  • This domain consists of 19-25 tandem LRR
  • Each LRR is 24-29 amino acids in length
  • LRRs form a horseshoe shape for ligand recognition

C-terminal intracellular signaling domain with homology to the interleukin-1 receptor (Toll/IL-1R= TIR domain)
-Protein-protein interaction module

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9
Q

Innate(natural, “Nonspecific”) Immunity

A
  • cellular and humoral factors
  • no memory
  • early in evolution, danger signals

Cellular Factors

  • Phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages, interdigitating dendritic cells)
  • Cells with inflammatory mediators (basophils, mast cells, eosinophils)

Humoral Factors

  • acute phase reactants (e.g. C-reactive Protein, Complement, Interleukin)
  • Cytokinins (interferon-alpha)
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10
Q

Normal Blood Cell Types

A

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinphils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes

Platelets

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11
Q

Innate Immune Response

A

Results in inflammation

Cellular Sequence:

  1. The tissue macrophage
  2. The neutrophil
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12
Q

Adaptive(acquired, specific)

A
  • humoral (immunoglobulin/antibody mediated)

- cell-mediated (T cell/lymphocyte effector)

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13
Q

Limb’s of the Immune Response

A
  • Afferent Limb

- Efferent Limb

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14
Q

Efferent ‘Limb’

A
  • the effector or ‘killing’ aspect
  • in the humoral immune response, this is antibody molecules (that will engage the complement)
  • in the cellular immune response this will be T-cytotoxic (Tc) CD8+ lymphocytes
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15
Q

Afferent ‘limb’

A

-made up of the events that initiate the immune response. (Innate immunity to the interaction with T-helper (Th) CD4+ lymphocyte. This limb will have both humoral and cellular components in both the humoral and cellular immune response mechanisms.

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16
Q

Adaptive Immune Response 1

A 
Antigen (and epitope) specific
Antigen presenting cells (APC) -(MHC +peptide)
-interdigitating dendritic cell
-macrophage
-B lymphocyte (B cell)
17
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A

Makes two kinds of molecules in cells:

  • class I (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C)
  • class II(HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR)
18
Q

Class I MHC molecules

A
  • the chains are of markedly different masses: a large alpha chain and a small beta-2 and microglobulin chain
  • can hold only short peptides because the binding site is closed off
19
Q

Class II MHC molecules

A
  • the alpha and beta chains are almost of the same size

- can bind to peptides of different lengths, because the binding site is open at both ends.

20
Q

Antibodies

A
  • humoral immunity
  • immunoglobin
  • basic structure of monomeric antibody molecule:
  • Four chains: two identical light chains (Kappa or Lambda) determine immunoglobulin TYPE
21
Q

Immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules

A
  • five classes: determined by the Heavy (H) chain ( delta, mu, gamma, alpha, epsilon)
  • two types: determined by the light chain kappa, lambda
  • Interchain and intrachain disulfide bonds are present between and within all chain.
Classes:
IgM - complement binding
IgG - placental transer, complement binding
IgA - secretory properties (MALT)
IgE - Mastocytophilic properties
22
Q

The complement Cascade (Classic)

A
  • Constant regions of 2 antibody molecules in the Antigen-antibody complex bind C1 - C4-C2-C3 (breaks down to C3a +C3b)
  • products of C3 and C5 enhance neutrophil phagocytosis
  • later molecules in the sequence, particulary C9 punch a hole in the bacterial membrane.
23
Q

Alternative Pathway (more primitive)

A
  • can be activated by other factors such as LPS (a PAMP)

- turns on the innate Immune response; and Complement plays a role here e.g. enhances phagocytosis (C3 and C5)

24
Q

Other types of T-cells

A
  1. Regulatory T cells
  2. T helper 17 cells
  3. TH3 cells
  4. Natural Killer T cells
  5. Follicular B Helper T cells
25
Q

Regulatory T cells (Treg)

A

-formerly know as suppressor T cells, are subpopulation of T cells which down regulated the immune system, maintains tolerance to self-antigens, and down regulates autoimmune disease.

26
Q

T Helper 17 cells (Th17)

A
  • subset of T helper cells producing interleukin 17 (IL-17). They are considered developmentally distinct from Th1 and Th2 cells and excessive amount of the cell are thought to play a key role in autoimmune disease such as Mulitple sclerosis.
27
Q

TH3 cells

A
  • involved in mucosal immunity and protecting mucosal surfaces in the gut from nonpathogenic non-self antigens. They mediate this non-infammatory environment by secreting TGF-beta and IL-10.

Physiology 209 (9 decks)

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