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U4 prac exam > immunology > Flashcards

immunology Flashcards

1
Q

where is periphery sites for immune system

A

other tissues and systems,

-skin, liver, gut, heart, brain, CNS, muscle, lungs etc

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2
Q

where did all lymphocytes arise

A

from stem cells in bone marrow

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3
Q

whar does self-renewing haematopoietic stem cell differentiate into

A

common myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor

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4
Q

what does myeloid progenitor differentiate in

A

innate immune system:neutrophi;, basophil, eosinophil and monocyte

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5
Q

what does common lymphoid progenitor differentiate in

A

adaptive immune system: lymphocytes

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6
Q

what are the hall marks of innate immune system:

A 
1. speed
early, rapid
2. duration
short lived
3. repetitive
-respond the same way each time
4. interactive 
- with other cells of the innate immune system 
- with cells of the adaptive immune system
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7
Q

what r the component of innate immunity:

A
  1. epithelial barriers
  2. cells in circulation and tissue
    - phagocytes: neutrophils and macrophages
    - exocytes:eosinophil, mast cells, basophils (release active mediators from granules)
  3. molecules
    - cytokines: tumour necrosis factor, interleukin 1 (IL-1)
    - plasma proteins: complement proteins, mannose-bidning lectin, C-reactive protein.
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8
Q

what is thymus

A

site of T-cell maturation

  • process of acquiring antigen-specific receptors\
  • mature T-lymphoctes leaves the thymus and enter the circulation and the peripheral lymphoid organs
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9
Q

what r the 2 main types of lymphocytes

A
  1. B-lymphocytes
  2. T-lymphocytes
    - helper t cell (Th)
    - Cytotoxic T lymphoctes (CTL)
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10
Q

where did B lymphoctes derived

A

from common lymphoid progenitors in bone marrow

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11
Q

what does B lymphocytes form

A

part of the humoral immune response

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12
Q

what is the main function of B lymphoctes

A

to secrete antibodies

- antibodies are proteins that binds to EXTRACELLULAR ANTIGENS

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13
Q

what is the character of T help cell

A
  • their surface expression of CD4 MOLECULE
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14
Q

how Th help other cells in immune response

A
  • by release cytokines or

- via membrane bound molecules

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15
Q

what is the character of CTL

A

their surface expression of CD8 molecules

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16
Q

what is immature lymphocytes

A
  • no not yet have antigen specific recpeotrs
  • unable to respond to foreign antigens
  • found in primary lymphoid tissues (bone marrow and thymus)
17
Q

as the lymph passes through lymph nodes, antigen presenting cells in the nodes are able tosample microbial antigens hat may have entered through epithelia into tissues

A

T

18
Q

dendritic cells can also pick up microbial antigens from the epithelial and other tissues and transport these antigens to lymph nodes

A

T

19
Q

are B-cell and T cells zone mixed together

A

F.

B CELL AND T cells home to discrete zones in secondary lymphoid tissues

20
Q

what is the function of secondary lymphoid tissues

A
  1. to drain lymph from the periphery
  2. to collect or trap antigens and antigen presenting cells (response is very localised)
  3. to provide a meeting place for
    - recirculating T cells and
    - DC arriving from the periphery
  4. site of B cell - T cell interations
21
Q

describe spleen

A
  1. blood entering the spleen flows through a network of channels (sinusoids) - blood borne antigens are trapped
  2. contain abundant phagocytes
  3. T lymphoctes are concentrated in periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS), surrounding small arterioles
22
Q

what does specific mean

A

-adaptive immunity has exquisite antigen specificity
refers to the capapcity of the immune system to make a response to only 1 particular antigens
- property of B and T lymphocytes, which carry receptors unique for only 1 paricular antigen on their surface

23
Q

what are antigens

A

antigens are substances that induce an immune response, such antigens are called immunogenic

24
Q

what does the antigen specific receptors on lymphoctes binds to which part of antigens

A

a few amino cids or sugar only, they are called antigenic determinants or EPITOPES

25
Q

what is naive lymphocytes

A
  • mature lymphocytes that exist BEFOREantigen exposure
  • have never engaged with cognate antigen
  • the pre-cursor frequency of naive T cells specfic for antigen is very low
  • migrate through and recirculate between secondary lymphoid organs
  • typically die after 1-3 months if they dont make contact with antigen
  • presentation of peptide + MHC molecules by DC activates naive T cells
26
Q

what are activated lymphocytes

A
  • mature lymphocytes taht have been presented with their foreign cognate antigen and been activated
  • stop recirculating between lymphoid tissues
  • migrate to periphral tissues and B-cell follicles to help B cells
27
Q

what is effector lymphocyets

A

effector lymphocytes are acitivated lymphocytes that have differentiated into cells that produce molecules that function to eliminate antigens

28
Q

whta does activated B lymphocytes differentiate into

A

antibody producing cells

antibodies from these called plasma cells, elimitae extracellular antigens

29
Q

what does CD4+ Th cells do

A

they express surface molecules and produce cytokines, they help other cells (B-cells, macrophages, CTLs) to become fully activated and differentiate

U4 prac exam (4 decks)

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