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Clinical Medicine > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Normal WBC

A

5,000-10,000

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2
Q

Neutrophil count

A

50-70%

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3
Q

Eosinophil count

A

0-3%

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4
Q

Basophil count

A

Less than 1%

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5
Q

Lymphocyte count

A

20-40%

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6
Q

Monocyte count

A

2-6%

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7
Q

Viral CBC

A

Normal WBC with more lymphocytes than neutrophils

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8
Q

Bacterial CBC

A

Elevated WBC with more neutrophils

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9
Q

Parasitic CBC

A

Normal WBC with elevated eosinophils

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10
Q

Immunogenicity

A

Capacity to induce an immune response by a foreign compound.

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11
Q

Antigenicity

A

Ability to bind to Ig or immune cells. Doesn’t have to elicit an immune response.

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12
Q

Respiratory burst

A

“oxidative burst” Membrane bound NADPH system produces superoxide radicals, hyperchlorous acid, H2O2 and chloramines.

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13
Q

Components of the innate system

A

Macrophages, granulocytes, NKC, complement, physical barriers.

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14
Q

Granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (mast cells), Monocytes (dendritic cells and macrophages)

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15
Q

Basophils

A

Allergic and Hlminth responses. Release histamine and heparin (increase BF and decrease clotting).

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16
Q

Eosinophils

A

Allergic reactions and asthma. Release free radicals and leukotrienes. Crossover to the adaptive side to stimulate T cells, act as an APC and are weakly phagocytic.

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17
Q

Neutrophils

A

First responder. Respond to cytokines within minutes then release cytokines to call in others. Strongly phagocytic. Release anti-microbial properties and extracellular traps.

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18
Q

Mast Cells

A

release histamine and heparin. In the tissue. Degranulate in response to injury, complement, antibodies or contact with an antigen. Can cause anaphylaxis.

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19
Q

Monocytes

A

give risk to dendritic cells and macrophages. 50% go to the spleen. Differentiate if stimulated by a pathogen.

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20
Q

Macrophages

A

Large phagocytes and APC. Three phases:

  1. ) Resting: clean up normal cellular debris
  2. ) Primed: engulf bacteria and presents it to T cells
  3. ) Hyperactivated: inflammatory cytokines and starts phagocytosing everything.
21
Q

Kupffer cell

A

specialized macrophage in the liver. With chronic activation from ETOH or toxins they overproduce cytokines and inflammation leading to liver damage.

22
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Cytotoxic Lymphocytes. Don’t need recognition or memory. Turned on my cytokines from macrophages. Kill by releasing perforins and proteases to cause membrane lysis. Don’t phagocytize. surface contact can cause pathogen to apoptose.

23
Q

Complement protiens

A

Made by the liver. C3 is the most common. Activated by antigens and work together to signal other immune cells.

24
Q

Complement Functions

A

Opsonization, chemotaxis, induce degranulation, lysis (MAC), acute inflammation, immune cytolysis, virus neutralization.

25
Q

MAC

A

C6,7,8,9. Causes lysis by disrupting the osmotic balance.

26
Q

Active Natural immunity

A

Exposure to infectious agents

27
Q

Active artificial immunity

A

immunizations

28
Q

Passive natural immunity

A

Maternal antibodies

29
Q

Passive artificial immunity

A

antibodies from other sources.

30
Q

Adaptive immune system attributes

A

antigen specific, diversity, memory, must be activated by an antigen or T helper cell.

31
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

A

Bone marrow=B cells

Thymus=T cells

32
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

33
Q

MHC I

A

On all cells. Broadcasts what’s going on inside the cell.

34
Q

MHC II

A

On APC. presents the antigen to T helper cells.

35
Q

Primary humoral response.

A

IgM then IgG. requires T cell to activate.

36
Q

Secondary humoral response

A

Memory B cells activate rapidly. IgG is most involved.

37
Q

Antibodies actions

A

Neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, opsonization, complement activation.

38
Q

IgG

A

Secondary response. Mediates MAC formation. Fetal protection (crosses the placenta). Most common, small 21 day half life.

39
Q

IgM

A

Acute infection. Major antibody for carbohydrates on bacterial cell walls. Pentamer, stays in the circulation. First antibody produced by the infant.

40
Q

IgA

A

Secretory component. Mucous membranes. Blocks bacterial attachment. J chain, 6 day half life.

41
Q

IgD

A

Monomer that acts as a receptor on mature Bcells. Required for B cell activation.

42
Q

IgE

A

Binds mast/basophils to release histamine. Defense against parasites.

43
Q

Type I hypersensitivity

A

IgE. anaphylaxis.

44
Q

Type II hypersensitivity

A

IgM and IgG. Autoimmune. hemolytic disease of the newborn (rH), transfusion reaction, grave’s, Myasthenia gravis, good pasture’s disease.

45
Q

T-helper cells.

A

Activate B cells, macrophages, neutropils, NK cells and T killer cells. Uses thier TCR and CD4 to bind an antigen presented on MHC II. Cytokine release.

46
Q

T-memory cells

A

Recognized antigens from previous exposures.

47
Q

T-regulatory cells

A

Suppressors. Keep immune response limited.

48
Q

T-killer cells

A

Release cytokines to kill viruses and cancer cells. Use their TCR with CD8 to recognize MHC I antigens. perforins to kill the cell and cytokines to cause apoptosis.

49
Q

Complement activation

A

C1 binds the antigen/antibody to activate the cascade.

Clinical Medicine (7 decks)

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