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Science for FUN > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

drainage of tissue
absorption and transport of fatty acids and fats
immunity

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2
Q

what are the differences between lymphatic vessels and blood vessels?

A

lymphatic vessels are blind ended

cells that form lymph vessels are more delicate

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3
Q

what are the 3 phases of immune defence

A

recognition of danger
production of specific weapons
transport of weapons to site of attack

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4
Q

where are blood cells produced?

A

bone marrow
thymus
these are primary lymphoid organs

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5
Q

what is haematopoiesis?

A

formation and activation of blood cells

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6
Q

what is the function of the thymus?

A

“education” of T cells

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7
Q

what is the function of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

sites of lymphocyte activation by antigens

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8
Q

what 2 areas is the spleen divided into?

A

red pulp and white pulp

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9
Q

what is the function of the spleen?

A

filtration of blood

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10
Q

what separates red and white pulp?

A

marginal zone

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11
Q

what is a high endothelial venule?

A

simple columnar cells line venules, they are slightly looser than normal venules, which allows fluid and lymphocytes to leak out of the blood vessels.

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12
Q

what two zones are lymph nodes separated into?

A

B and T zones

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13
Q

what effect can T cells have on B cells?

A

they can cause B cells to produce antibodies

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14
Q

what are peyers patches?

A

patches of smooth cells embedded in villi covered cells.

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15
Q

what does MALT stand for?

A

mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

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16
Q

what covers peyers patches?

A

M cells

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17
Q

what is the difference between the adaptive and innate immune system?

A

adaptive is very specific and displays immunological memory

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18
Q

why does the adaptive immune system display a much larger response to an antigen in repeated exposure?

A

presence of memory cells allow a much quicker and stronger response after primary exposure

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19
Q

what are the differences between active and passive immunity?

A

active immunity - conferred by a host response to a microbe or a microbial antigen
passive immunity - conferred by adoptive transfer of antibodies or T lymphocytes specific for the microbe
active immunity is the only one that generates immunological memory

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20
Q

why does passive immunity not generate immunological memory?

A

because your own B cells are not involved in generating an immune response.

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21
Q

where are B cells produced?

A

bone marrow

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22
Q

what is the antigen receptor for a B cell

A

surface immunoglobulin (sIg)

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23
Q

why is it more important to tolerize T cells than B cells?

A

B cells cannot make antibodies in response to most antigens without the help of T cells

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24
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

any microorganism that causes disease.

25
Q

what part of the pathogen are antibodies specific to?

A

epitope

26
Q

what induces B cells to multiply?

A

recognition of a specific epitope on a specific antigen on a specific pathogen

27
Q

what 2 chains are antibodies separated into?

A

light chain and heavy chain

28
Q

what modification is made to antibodies after B cells multiply and produce them?

A

antibodies have a much higher affinity for epitope

29
Q

what chain does the antibody bind to ?

A

light chain

30
Q

what chain does the cell bind to?

A

heavy chain

31
Q

what do the heavy chains define?

A

classes of immunoglobulin

32
Q

how many different CLASSES of antibody are there?

A

(IGM IGD IGA IGE IGG)

5

33
Q

what is the function of IGM

A

fixes compliment and opsonization

34
Q

function of IGG

A

good opsonizer

35
Q

function of IGA

A

protects mucosal surfaces, resistant to stomach acid

36
Q

function of IGE

A

defends against parasites, causes anaphylactic shock and allergies

37
Q

what causes antibodies to be flexible?

A

presence of a hinge between the light and heavy chains

38
Q

why does antigen bound iGm display good complement binding

A

binding to epitope causes a conformational change that allows c1 protein to bind to IgM

39
Q

what is opsonisation

A

the process of “tagging” a pathogen which causes fc receptors to “stick up” which causes the pathogen to be more susceptible to phagocytic action

40
Q

why do mast cells sometimes cause allergic reactions?

A

when mast cells encounter a pathogen they dump all of their contents onto the pathogen to neutralise it, and some of these molecules can cause allergic reaction in the host

41
Q

what ways are there to activate a B cell?

A

T cell dependent
T cell independent
complement activation

42
Q

how does T cell dependent activation work?

A

Signal from a clustered BCR along with a signal from a T cell in which a protein on the surface of a T cell recognises the same antigen as the B cell and then binds to a receptor on the B cell

43
Q

where do T cells go to get “educated”

A

thymus

44
Q

what are T cells reponsible for?

A

cell mediated immunity and assisting B cells

45
Q

what is the cell surface receptor of a T cell?

A

T cell receptor

46
Q

what conditions have to be met in order for TCR to recognise antigens?

A

Has to be bound to MHC protein

47
Q

What 2 classes of T cells are there?

A

helper (CD4+) and cytotoxic (CD8+)

48
Q

what kind of antigens are T cells able to recognise?

A

ANY protein peptide that a pathogen may have due to association with MHC

49
Q

What is it important for all lymphocytes to learn to do with regard to “self”

A

not to recognise “self” antigen

50
Q

what happens to T cells that are unable to interact with MHC molecules

A

death by apoptosis

51
Q

what determines what type of T cell thymocytes develop into?

A

whether it binds to MHC 1 (cytotoxic) or MHC 2 (helper)

52
Q

what happens to T cells that cannot distinguish self from non self?

A

death by apoptosis

53
Q

what is the purpose of MHC 1?

A

presents virally induced peptides to CD8+ T cells and trigger cytotoxic response

54
Q

what is the purpose of MHC 2?

A

presents exogenously produced Ag to CD4+ T cells and activate macrophages and B cells

55
Q

where is MHC 2 found?

A

on antigen presenting cells

56
Q

what decides which T cell a naive T cell turns into after MHC peptide recognition?

A

range of different chemicals acting on T cells

57
Q

Can T helper cells destroy pathogens?

A

No

58
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells release once exposed to infected/dysfunctional somatic cells?

A

perforin, which forms pores in the target cell, also releases granzyme B - induces apoptosis

59
Q

how can T memory cells be formed?

A

can arise from fully differentiated cells are from partially differentiated cells.

Science for FUN (8 decks)

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