immunology 4

Question 1

what is the role of TErminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)

Answer 1

Enzyme that adds single nucleotides on the ends of the regions of the combination of activating genes to generate diversity of variable regions (heavy/light chain)

Question 2

Which chains determine the structure of antibodies?

Answer 2

Heavy chains (monomer, diamers, pentamers)

Question 3

True or false?
Undr normal circumstances the body will Not create antibodies to self antigens

Answer 3

True
Under normal circumstances the body will Not create antibodies to self antigens

already presence of MHC-1

Question 4

Which Immunoglobulin is produced first during the first response to antigen?

Answer 4

IgM
*most effective at rapidly activating complement bcs of its structural characteristics

Question 5

When and how is immune tolerance developed?

Answer 5

Develops during fetal and early postnatal life due to clonal deletion/inactivation of cells that math body antigens (apotosis)

Question 6

Where doe the development of T cell Tolerance happen?

Answer 6

In utero in the thymus

Question 7

True or false
95% of T cells produced are useful

Answer 7

False
95% of T cells produced will be destroyed bcs they do not recognize self-proteins(MHC-1) or MHC-2molecules

Question 8

What is an endogenous antigen?

Answer 8

Endogenous: produced by body cell
-infected body cells (virally infected) expressed by MHC-1 molecules

Question 9

What is an exogenous antigen?

Answer 9

Exogenous: foreign material, comes from outside the body
-antigen presenting cells recognized by T helper cells & B cells
-expressed by MHC-2

Question 10

What are factors that alter resistance to infection?

Answer 10

Protein - calorie nutrition
Pre Existing disease (predispose the body infection)
Stress & state of mind
Sleep deprivation
Modest exercise & physical conditioning

Question 11

WHat causes immunodeficiency disease?

Answer 11

Results from weak, underactive or impaired immune systems

Question 12

What is SCID?

Answer 12

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease:
An immunodeficiency disease where a group of related disease rises from an absence of both B and T cells and in some cases NK cells

Question 13

What is AIDS?

Answer 13

Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome:
Infects and kills helper T cells resulting in impaired immune response to infectious organisms

Question 14

How to avoid the rejction of tissue/graft?

Answer 14

Radiation to elimate dividing cells
Drugs that kill actively dividing lymphocytes
decrease recipient’s T-cell population
Cyclosporine blocks cytokine production from helper T cells

Question 15

What are some harmful immune responses?

Answer 15

Tissue/graft rejection
Transfusion reactions
Allergy (hypersensitivity)
Autoimmune disease
Excessive inflammatory response

Question 16

Which blood group is considered the Universal recipients?

Answer 16

Group AB

*Antigen on RBC: A & B
*Antibody in blood: neither anti-A or anti-B

Question 17

What are the antigens on RBC & antibodies in blood of blood group A?

Answer 17

*Antigen on RBC: A
*Antibody in blood: neither anti-B

Question 18

What are the antigens on RBC & antibodies in blood of blood group B?

Answer 18

*Antigen on RBC: B
*Antibody in blood: neither anti-A

Question 19

Which blood group is considered the Universal donors?

Answer 19

Group O

*Antigen on RBC: neither A nor B
*Antibody in blood: both anti-A or anti-B

Question 20

What are two types of allergic reactions?

Answer 20

Overly reactive to a substance tha most others tolerate well
-Immediate Hypersensitivity
-Delayed Hypersensitivity: Appears 12-72 hours after allergen exposure

Question 21

Why is histamine important in immunity?

Answer 21

Histamine had a beneficial effect since it let to vasodilation when recruitment of immune cells to site of infection was necessary

Question 22

Which leukocytes is the most involved during an allergic reaction & anaphalaxis?

Answer 22

Mast cells which are filled with granules which contain histamine
if too much histamine is released in blood: non-specific vasodilation response

Question 23

Why is a non-specific vasodilation response harmful to the body?

Answer 23

Low blood pressure
anphylaxis

Question 24

What are autoimmune diseases?

Answer 24

Inappropriate immune attack triggered by body proteins acting as proteins

Question 25

What are regulatory T cells used for in studie?

Answer 25

Get rid of self-reactive clones for older individual