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PHGY 209 RME > immunology 2 > Flashcards

immunology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are cellular factors of the second line of defense (innate immunity)?

A

Natural killer cells
Phagocytes

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2
Q

What is the role of NK cells?

A

Target virus-infected cells and cancer cells (cells not expressing MHC-1) by releasing chemical that lead to their death

*a class of lymphocytes (similar to cytotoxic T cells)

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3
Q

True or false?
“altered” or absent MHC Class 1 proteins can send negative signals to NK cells

A

False
“altered” or absent MHC Class 1 proteins CAN NOT send negative signals (not to kill bcs self-cell) to NK cells

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4
Q

True or False?
MHC Class 1 proteins are expressed on all normal nucleated body cells

A

True
MHC Class 1 proteins are expressed on all normal nucleated body cells (supposed to be)

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5
Q

Where are old RBCs phagocytosed?

A

Spleen

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6
Q

What are Phagocytes? Different types?

A

Non-specifically engulf microbial invaders

Types
-Fixed-tissue Macrophages (already in tissues)
-Neutrophils (recruited to the site of injury)
-Monocytes (Macrophages & dendritic cells)

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7
Q

Steps of phagocytosis & intracellular destruction of a microbe

A

-Adherence
-Ingestion (endocytosis)
-Digestion (Phagolysosome)
-Killing

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8
Q

What is the release of the end products into or out of cell (phagocytosis)

A

Debris & signals

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9
Q

How does the Phagocyte recognize microbes?

A

Detects unique, conserverved structures that are essential to microbial physiology (molecular signatures of infection)

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10
Q

How are molecular signatures of infection broadly classified?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS)

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11
Q

Examples of PAMPS

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria
Peptidoglycan (PGN) of gram-positive bacteria

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12
Q

How are PAMPS recognized by macrophages?

A

Recognized by immune system receptors on the surface of macrophages called Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)

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13
Q

Example of a PRR

A

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

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14
Q

True or false
TLRs are transmembrane receptors

A

True
-Extracellular domain for recognition of pathogens
-Intracellular signaling domain

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15
Q

What starts the process of inflammation?

A

-Bacteria walls contain PAMPs
-Identified by fixed tissue macrophages
-PAMPs bind to TLRs
-Activation of macrophage
-Release of cytokines/signals

ACTIVATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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16
Q

3 stages of inflammation

A

1) vasodilation
2) emigration of phagocytes
3) tissue repair

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17
Q

What is chemotaxis?
emerging phagocytes

A

Chemically stimulated mvmt of phagocytes

by cytokines/chemokines/chemoattractants

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18
Q

What are cytokines/chemokines/chemoattractants?

A

Chemicals that attract phagocytes (SIGNAL)

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19
Q

What is margination ?
emerging phagocytes

A

Sticking of phagocytes to endothelial cells (single layer lines all blood vessels)

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20
Q

What is the specific role of neutrophils in inflammation?

A

-Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) that stick to bacterias
-Phagocyte
-Production of pus

21
Q

True or false
Neutrophils enter the bloodstream after phagocytosis

A

False
Neutrophils die in the process of kill bacteria

22
Q

What is Pus?

A

Mixture of dead bacteria and neutrophils

23
Q

What links the innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Antigen-Presenting Cells (particularly dendritic cells)

24
Q

What’s an antigen? Different types of antigens?

A

antibody generator

-immunogen: material that induces an immune response
-allergen: material that induces an allergic reaction
-ligand

25
Q

What differentiates the different type of antigens?

A

The different immune response they induce

Ex: Allergen (allegric response) VS Immunogen (immune response)

26
Q

True or false?
An antigen can only be microbial

A

False
An antigen can be non-microbial
-Pollen
-Egg whites
-Incompatible blood cells
-Transplanted tissues

27
Q

True or false?
An antigen can be the whole cell or a part of a cell

A

True
An antigen can be the whole cell or a part of a cell

28
Q

What is the epitope?

A

Part of the antigen that is recognized by immune cells

29
Q

What are the 2 factors that mediate the specific/adaptive immunity?

A

Mediated by the Anitibodie or cells

Humoral - Antibody-Mediated immunity (B cells)
Cell-Mediated Immunity (T cells)

30
Q

What cells does Humoral - Antibody-Mediated immunity involve?

A

Involves B cells
-transform into plasma cells
-synthesize and secrete antibodies
-use antibodies and complement to kill
-memory B cells

31
Q

What is the humoral response of the adaptive immune system?

A

Use antibodies and complements

32
Q

What cells does Cell-Mediated Immunity involve?

A

Involve Cytotoxic T cells
-kill infected body cells, cancer cells & foreign cells

33
Q

What is the cell-mediated response of the adaptive immune system?

A

Attack infected body cells, cancer cells, foreign cells

34
Q

Two molecular classes of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A

MHC-1 expressed on all nucleated cells
MHC-2 expressed on antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells)

35
Q

True or false
Even identical twins do not have the same MHCs on their cells

A

False
ONLY identical twins have the same MHCs on their cells

36
Q

When do T-cell receptors recognize antigens?

A

T-cell receptors only recognize antigens when they are associated with MHC-2 proteins

antigen presentation process

37
Q

Steps of formation of APCs
antigen presentation process

A

1) ingestion of antigen
2) digestion into peptide fragments
3) synthesize & package MHC-2 molecules
4) bind peptide fragments to MHC-2
5) insert antigen-MHC-2 complexes on plasma membrane

38
Q

Characteristics of an antigen during the adaptive immune response

A

Reactivity-Antibody binds specifically to the antigen that provoked it
Immunogenicity-Can provoke an immune response by producing an antibody to that antigen

39
Q

What do APCs present on their membrane?

A

MHC-2 molecules & antigen

40
Q

On which cells are the MHC-2 molecules & antigen present?

A

Dendritic cells (mostly)
Macrophages
B lymphocytes (B cells)

41
Q

What do the B and T lymphicytes have in common in adaptive immunity?

A

They must recognize the SPECIFIC foreign material to be attacked

42
Q

3 stages of a typical adaptive immune response

A

1) Recognition of an antigen by lymphocytes (MHC-2 molecule on membrane)
2) Lymphocyte activation
3) Attack launched by the activated lymphocytes and their secretions

43
Q

How are the T helper cells activated?

A

Co-reception required
B7(expressed on APC) - CD28 (t helper cell)
&
MHC-2 + peptide(expressed on APC) - TCR (t cell receptor)

44
Q

What is checkpoint inhibition?

A

All biological processes need “shut off” controls

45
Q

What are the checkpoint inhibitors in an immune response lead to the “shut off” of t-cells?

A

Displacement of CD28 from B7 by
-CTLA 4 (expressed on t-cells)
-PD-1

46
Q

How are the cellular responses of the innate immune system are triggered

A

By the recognition of PAMPS.

47
Q

How is the Helper T Cells activated?

A

1) specific recognition
MHC-2 + peptide(expressed on APC) - TCR (t cell receptor)

2)co-reception
B7(expressed on APC) - CD28 (t helper cell)

3)Cytokine release from APC
stimulates Th cell

48
Q

True or false
C cells can also

A

PHGY 209 RME (11 decks)

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