Immunology Flashcards
Cells of the immune system
Hematopoietic stem cell Granulocytes (three kinds) Mononuclear phagocytes Dendritic cells Lymphocytes
Innate and…?
Acquired immunity
Granulocytes
Neutrophil
Basophils
Mast cell
Eosinophil
Granules stain poorly
Most numerous and important granulocytes
Also called PMNs polymorphonuclear _____ leukocytes
Neutrophil, a type of granulocyte, a type of leukocyte
Involved in allergic reaction and inflammation
Granules stain dark purplish blue in basic dye
Basophils
Primarily important in ridding the body of parasitic worms
Involved in allergic reactions
Granules stain red
Eosinophil
Mononuclear phagocyte
Includes monocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells develop from monocytes
Dendritic cells
Function as scouts
Sentinel cells
These are responsible for adaptive immunity
B and T cells
Natural killer cells
Lymphocytes
Cell communication
Surface receptor, cytokines, adhesion molecules
Surface receptors
Eyes, ears if a cell
Proteins that span the plasma membrane, connecting outside and inside
Cytokines
Voices of the cell
Cytokine produced by one cell diffuses to another, binding at a Cytokine receptor
Chemokines
Cytokines important in chemotaxis
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs)
Important in the multiplication and differentiation of leukocytes
Interferons
IFNs
Important in control of viral infections
Interleukins
ILs
Diverse functions
Tumor necrosis factor
Kills tumor cells
Initiates the inflammatory response
Triggers the process if cell suicide
(Apoptosis)
Adhesion molecules
On the surface of cells allow these cells to grab other cells
Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR)
See microbial invasion
Detect PAMPs DAMPs MAMPs
Types of PAMPs
Cell wall components (lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, lipoproteins), flagellin subunits, RNA molecules that characterize viruses
Toll like receptors
About 10 in humans…each recognizes a distinct compound or group of compounds associated with microbes
Plasma membrane face extra cellular …phagosomal or endosomal membrane, face lumen
NOD like receptors
Detect bacterial components it signs if cell damage
Inflammasome w
Associated with nod like receptors. Activates a potent pro-inflammatory Cytokine
Mutations…crohns disease
Rig like receptors
Type of prr
Can distinguish cellular RNA from viral RNA
Three different beginnings for the complement system…what are they?
Alternative pathway
Lectins pathway
Classical pathway
Alternative pathway
C3b binds to microbe / trigger
Formation of C3 convertase
C3b opsoniZes, joins other C cells to form membrane attack complex
C3a triggers inflammatory response
Lectins pathway
Triggered by mannose binding lectins Same pathway--complement system!! Formation of c3 convertase C3a inflammatory response C3b opsonization and MAC
Classical pathway
Triggered by antibodies binding to microbial invaders
Granulomas
Group of giant cells (fused together phagocytes) macrophages and T cells
Tuberculosis
Neutrophil
Rapid response team
Short life span
NET neutrophil extracellular traps
Inflammatory response purposes
Contain site of damage
Localize the response
Eliminate the invader
Restored tissue function
Triggers of the inflammatory response
Microbes–damps and PAMPs, also complement pathway
Tissue damage
Protection provided by immune responses that mature throughout life; involves B and T cells
Adaptive immunity
Y shapes protein that binds antigen
Antibody
Molecule that reacts specifically with either an antibody or An antigen receptor on a lymphocyte
Antigen
Cells such a B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells that can present exogenous antigens to naive or memory T cells, activating them.
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Type of lymphocyte programmed to make antibodies
B cell
Immunity involving a t-cell response
Cell mediated immunity
Process in which a lymphocyte’s antigen receptor binds to an antigen, allowing the lymphocyte to proliferate
Clonal selection
Type of lymphocyte programmed to destroy infected or cancerous self cells
Cytotoxic T cell
Cell type responsible for activating naive T cells
Dendritic cell
Type of lymphocyte programmed to activate B cells and macrophages and assist other parts of the adaptive immune response.
Helper T cell
Immunity involving B cells and an antibody response
Humoral immunity
A group of white blood cells (leukocytes) that have antigen specific receptors on their surface; includes B cells and T cells.
Lymphocytes
Cell surface molecules that present antigen to T cells; includes MHC class 1 molecules and MHC class 2 molecules.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
Long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes that can quickly respond when a specific antigen is encountered again.
Memory lymphocytes
Effector form of a B cell; it functions as an antibody-secreting factory
Plasma cell
Effector form of a cytotoxic T cell; it induces apoptosis in infected or cancerous “self” cells
Tc cell
First antibody produced
Pentameric in serum
IgM
Most abundant in blood and tissue fluids
Transported across the placenta
IgG
Most abundant produced period.
Mucosal
IgA
Development and maturation if the antibody response
IgD
Involved in allergic reactions
Binds via Fc region to mast cells and basophils
IgE
