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First Aid Pharmacology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Immunosuppressant actions

A

Agents that block lymphocyte activation and proliferation.

Reduce acute transplant rejection by suppressing cellular immunity.

Frequently combined to achieve greater efficacy with

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2
Q

Immunosuppressants

A
  1. Cyclosporine
  2. Tacrolimus (FK506)
  3. Sirolimus (Rapamycin)
  4. Daclizumab, basiliximab
  5. Azathioprine
  6. Glucocorticoids
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3
Q

Cyclosporine mechanism

A

Calcineurin inhibitor; binds cyclophilin. Blocks T-cell activation by preventing IL-2 transcription**. **

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4
Q

Cyclosporine use

A
  1. Transplant rejection
  2. prophylaxis
  3. psoriasis
  4. rheumatoid arthritis
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5
Q

Cyclosporine toxicity

A
  1. Nephrotoxicity
  2. hypertension
  3. hyperlipidemia
  4. neurotoxicity
  5. gingival hyperplasia
  6. hirsutism.
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6
Q

Calcineurin inhibitors

A
  1. Cyclosporine
  2. Tacrolimus (FK506)

Both calcineurin inhibitors are highly nephrotoxic.

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7
Q

Tacrolimus (FK506) Mechanism

A

Calcineurin inhibitor; binds FK506 binding protein (FKBP).

Blocks T-cell activation by preventing *IL-2 transcription. *

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8
Q

Tacrolimus use

A

Transplant rejection prophylaxis.

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9
Q

Tacrolimus toxicity

A
  1. Nephrotoxicity
  2. hypertension
  3. hyperlipidemia
  4. neurotoxicity
  5. ↑ risk of diabetes
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10
Q

Sirolimus (Rapamycin) mechanism

A

mTOR inhibitor; binds FKBP.

Blocks T-cell activation and B-cell differentiation by preventing response to IL-2.

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11
Q

Sirolimus (Rapamycin) use

A

Kidney transplant rejection prophylaxis.

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12
Q

Sirolimus (Rapamycin) toxicity

A
  1. Anemia
  2. thrombocytopenia
  3. leukopenia
  4. insulin resistance
  5. hyperlipidemia
  6. not nephrotoxic.
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13
Q

Sirolimus random facts

A

Synergistic with cyclosporine. Also used in drug-eluting stents.

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14
Q

Calcineurin inhibitor; binds cyclophilin. Blocks T-cell activation by preventing IL-2 transcription**. **

A

Cyclosporine mechanism

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15
Q
  1. Transplant rejection
  2. prophylaxis
  3. psoriasis
  4. rheumatoid arthritis
A

Cyclosporine use

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16
Q
  1. Nephrotoxicity
  2. hypertension
  3. hyperlipidemia
  4. neurotoxicity
  5. gingival hyperplasia
  6. hirsutism.
A

Cyclosporine toxicity

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17
Q
  1. Cyclosporine
  2. Tacrolimus (FK506)

Both calcineurin inhibitors are highly nephrotoxic.

A

Calcineurin inhibitors

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18
Q

Calcineurin inhibitor; binds FK506 binding protein (FKBP).

Blocks T-cell activation by preventing *IL-2 transcription. *

A

Tacrolimus (FK506) Mechanism

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19
Q

Transplant rejection prophylaxis.

A

Tacrolimus use

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20
Q
  1. Nephrotoxicity
  2. hypertension
  3. hyperlipidemia
  4. neurotoxicity
  5. ↑ risk of diabetes
A

Tacrolimus toxicity

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21
Q

mTOR inhibitor; binds FKBP.

Blocks T-cell activation and B-cell differentiation by preventing response to IL-2.

A

Sirolimus (Rapamycin) mechanism

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22
Q

Kidney transplant rejection prophylaxis.

A

Sirolimus (Rapamycin) use

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23
Q
  1. Anemia
  2. thrombocytopenia
  3. leukopenia
  4. insulin resistance
  5. hyperlipidemia
  6. not nephrotoxic.
A

Sirolimus (Rapamycin) toxicity

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24
Q

Synergistic with cyclosporine. Also used in drug-eluting stents.

A

Sirolimus random facts

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25
Q

Daclizumab, basiliximab mechanism

A

Monoclonal antibodies; block IL-2R.

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26
Q

Daclizumab, basiliximab uses

A

Kidney transplant rejection prophylaxis.

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27
Q

Daclizumab, basiliximab toxicities

A
  • Edema
  • Hypertension
  • Tremor
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28
Q

Azathioprine mechanism

A

Antimetabolite precursor of 6-mercaptopurine.

Inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by blocking nucleotide synthesis.

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29
Q

Axathioprine uses

A
  1. Transplant rejection prophylaxis
  2. rheumatoid arthritis
  3. Crohn disease
  4. glomerulonephritis
  5. other autoimmune conditions
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30
Q

Azathioprine toxicity

A
  • Leukopenia
  • anemia
  • thrombocytopenia
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31
Q

Azathioprine facts

A

6-MP degraded by xanthine oxidase; toxicity ↑ by allopurinol.

Pronounce “azathio- purine.”

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32
Q

Glucocorticoid mechanism

A

Inhibit NF-κB. Suppress both B- and T-cell function by

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33
Q

Glucocorticoid uses

A

Transplant rejection prophylaxis (immuno-suppression), many autoimmune disorders, inflammation.

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34
Q

Glucocorticoid toxicity

A
  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. osteoporosis
  3. central obesity
  4. muscle breakdown
  5. psychosis
  6. acne
  7. hypertension
  8. cataracts
  9. avascular necrosis
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35
Q

Glucocorticoid facts

A

Can cause iatrogenic Cushing syndrome.

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36
Q

Monoclonal antibodies; block IL-2R.

A

Daclizumab, basiliximab mechanism

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37
Q

Kidney transplant rejection prophylaxis.

A

Daclizumab, basiliximab uses

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38
Q
  • Edema
  • Hypertension
  • Tremor
A

Daclizumab, basiliximab toxicities

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39
Q

Antimetabolite precursor of 6-mercaptopurine.

Inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by blocking nucleotide synthesis.

A

Azathioprine mechanism

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40
Q
  1. Transplant rejection prophylaxis
  2. rheumatoid arthritis
  3. Crohn disease
  4. glomerulonephritis
  5. other autoimmune conditions
A

Axathioprine uses

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41
Q
  • Leukopenia
  • anemia
  • thrombocytopenia
A

Azathioprine toxicity

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42
Q

6-MP degraded by xanthine oxidase; toxicity ↑ by allopurinol.

Pronounce “azathio- purine.”

A

Azathioprine facts

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43
Q

Inhibit NF-κB. Suppress both B- and T-cell function by

A

Glucocorticoid mechanism

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44
Q

Transplant rejection prophylaxis (immuno-suppression), many autoimmune disorders, inflammation.

A

Glucocorticoid uses

45
Q
  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. osteoporosis
  3. central obesity
  4. muscle breakdown
  5. psychosis
  6. acne
  7. hypertension
  8. cataracts
  9. avascular necrosis
A

Glucocorticoid toxicity

46
Q

Can cause iatrogenic Cushing syndrome.

A

Glucocorticoid facts

47
Q

Draw a diagram and show where the immunosuppressants work

A
48
Q

What is Aldesleukin (IL-2) used for?

A

Renal cell carcinoma, metastatic melanoma

49
Q

What recombinant cytokine can you use for renal cell carcinoma, metastatic melanoma?

A

Aldesleukin (IL-2)

50
Q

What is Epoetin alfa (erythropoietin) used for?

A

Anemias (especially in renal failure)

51
Q

What recombinant cytokine can you use for anemias (especially in renal failure)?

A

Epoetin alfa (erythropoietin)

52
Q

What is Filgrastim (G-CSF) used for?

A

Recovery of bone marrow

53
Q

What is Sargramostim (GM-CSF) used for?

A

Recovery of bone marrow

54
Q

What recombinant cytokine can you use for recovery of bone marrow?

A
  • Filgrastim (G-CSF)
  • Sargramostim (GM-CSF)
55
Q

What is IFN-α used for?

A
  • Chronic hepatitis B and C
  • Kaposi sarcoma
  • malignant melanoma
56
Q

What recombinant cytokine can you use for chronic hepatitis B and C, Kaposi sarcoma, and malignant melanoma?

A

IFN-α

57
Q

What is IFN-β used for?

A

Multiple sclerosis

58
Q

What recombinant cytokine can you use for multiple sclerosis?

A

IFN-β

59
Q

What is IFN-γ used for?

A

Chronic granulomatous disease

60
Q

What recombinant cytokine can you use for chronic granulomatous disease?

A

IFN-γ

61
Q

What is romiplostim, eltrombopag used for?

A

Thrombocytopenia

62
Q

What is Oprelvekin (IL-11) used for?

A

Thrombocytopenia

63
Q

What recombinant cytokine can you use for thrombocytopenia?

A
  • Romiplostim, eltrombopag
  • Oprelvekin (IL-11)
64
Q

Cancer therapeutic antibodies

A
  1. Alemtuzumab
  2. Bevacizumab
  3. Cetuximab
  4. Rituximab
  5. Trastuzumab
65
Q

Alemtuzumab

A

Cancer therapeutic antibody

66
Q

Bevacizumab

A

Cancer therapeutic antibody

67
Q

Cetuximab

A

Cancer therapeutic antibody

68
Q

Rituximab

A

Cancer therapeutic antibody

69
Q

Trastuzumab

A

Cancer therapeutic antibody

70
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Immunosuppressant

71
Q

Tacrolimus (FK506)

A

Immunosuppressant

72
Q

Sirolimus (Rapamycin)

A

Immunosuppressant

73
Q

Daclizumab, basiliximab

A

Immunosuppressant

74
Q

Azathioprine

A

Immunosuppressant

75
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Immunosuppressant

76
Q

Alemtuzumab target

A

CD52

77
Q

Alemtuzumab clinical use

A

CLL- chronic lymphocytic leukemia

78
Q

Bevacizumab target

A

VEGF

79
Q

Bevacizumab clinical use

A

Colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma

80
Q

Cetuximab target

A

EGFR

81
Q

Cetuximab clinical use

A

Stage IV colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer

82
Q

Rituximab target

A

CD20

83
Q

Rituximab clinical use

A
  1. B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  2. CLL
  3. rheumatoid arthritis
  4. ITP (Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura)
84
Q

Trastuzumab target

A

HER2/neu

85
Q

Trastuzumab clinical use

A

Breast cancer

86
Q

Autoimmune disease thereapeutic antibodies

A
  1. Adalimumab, infliximab
  2. Eculizumab
  3. Natalizumab
87
Q

Natalizumab

A

Autoimmune therapeutic antibody

88
Q

Eculizumab

A

Autoimmune therapeutic antibody

89
Q

Adalimumab, infliximab

A

Autoimmune thereapeutic antibody

90
Q

Adalimumab, infliximab target

A

Soluble TNF-α

91
Q

Soluble TNF-α clinical use

A
  1. IBD
  2. rheumatoid arthritis
  3. ankylosing spondylitis
  4. psoriasis
92
Q

Adalimumab, infliximab fact

A

Etanercept is a decoy TNF-α receptor and not a monoclonal antibody

93
Q

Eculizumab target

A

Complement protein C5

94
Q

Eculizumab clinical use

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

95
Q

Natalizumab target

A

α4-integrin

96
Q

Natalizumab clinical use

A

Multiple sclerosis, Crohn disease

97
Q

Natalizumab fact

A

α4-integrin: WBC adhesion

Risk of PML in patients withJC virus

98
Q

Abciximab target

A

Platelet glycoproteins IIb/IIIa

99
Q

Abciximab clinical use

A

Antiplatelet agent for prevention of ischemic complications in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

100
Q

Denosumab target

A

RANKL

101
Q

Denosumab clinical use

A

Osteoporosis; inhibits osteoclast maturation (mimics

osteoprotegerin)

102
Q

Digoxin immune Fab target

A

Digoxin

103
Q

Digoxin immune Fab clinical use

A

Antidote for digoxin toxicity

104
Q

Omalizumab target

A

IgE

105
Q

Omalizumab clinical use

A

Allergic asthma; prevents IgE binding to FcεRI

106
Q

Palivizumab target

A

RSV F protein

107
Q

Palivizumab clinical use

A

RSV prophylaxis for high-risk infants

108
Q

Ranibizumab, bevacizumab target

A

VEGF

109
Q

Ranibizumab, bevacizumab clinical use

A

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration

First Aid Pharmacology (2 decks)

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