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Principles - Immunology > Immunology 3 - Initiation of Acquired Immune Responses > Flashcards

Immunology 3 - Initiation of Acquired Immune Responses Flashcards

1
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

What cells are responsible for humoral immune responses?

A

B cells

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3
Q

What are “humors”?

A

Body fluids

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4
Q

What do B cells produce?

A

Antibodies

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5
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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6
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins that bind to one specific antigen

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7
Q

What are antibodies a complex of?

A

Four polypeptide chains - two light chains and two heavy chains

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8
Q

How can antigens cause an adaptive immune response?

A

Activating B and T cells

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9
Q

What are antibodies also known as?

A

Immunoglobulins

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10
Q

What is the part of the antigen that an antibody attaches to called?

A

Epitope

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11
Q

What does BCR stand for?

A

B cell receptor

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12
Q

What are the five classes of antibodies?

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

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13
Q

What is the difference between PAMPs and antigens?

A

There are a limited number of PAMPs, which are common to many different pathogens
Antigens are unique to an individual pathogenic species

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14
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance which can cause an adaptive immune response by activating B and T cells

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15
Q

What are sites where T and B cells are activated by antigens?

A

Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

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16
Q

Where do inactive T and B cells circulate between?

A

The blood, secondary lymphoid tissues and lymphatic vessels

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17
Q

What class of antibodies is used to bind to B cells’ target antigens?

A

IgM or IgD

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18
Q

What do B cells do once activated?

A

Multiply and differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells

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19
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Produce and secrete soluble, antigen specific antibodies

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20
Q

What are memory B cells?

A

Long lived cells that continue to circulate around the body

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21
Q

What process do naive B and T cells use to enter the lymph nodes?

A

Transendothelial migration

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22
Q

Where do naive T and B cells enter the lymph nodes from?

A

High endothelial venules (HEV)

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23
Q

What does opsonise mean?

A

To make a cell more susceptible to phagocytosis

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24
Q

How does a B cell encounter antigens?

A

An opsonised antigen travels to the B cell zone

Eventually the right B cell will come and bind to the opsonised antigen

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25
Q

Where are B cell zones located?

A

Lymph nodes

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26
Q

What needs to happen for a B cell to become fully activated?

A

It must receive two signals:
An antigen
‘Helping’ signals

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27
Q

What is the other signal a B cell must receive to become activated when the antigen is a protein?

A

A help signal from a helper T cell

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28
Q

What is the other signal a B cell must receive to become activated when the antigen is not a protein?

A

A PRR binding to a PAMP

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29
Q

What must happen for a B cell to become activated when the antigen has repetitive antigenic epitopes?

A

Multiple BCR and antigens must be engaged

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30
Q

What do the daughter cells of B cells form?

A

A secondary follicle within the B cell zone called the Germinal Centre

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31
Q

What antibodies are first produced by short-lived plasma cells?

A

IgM

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32
Q

What affinity are IgM antibodies?

A

Low

33
Q

What classes of antibodies are produced after IgM

A

IgG, IgA, IgE

34
Q

What kind of antigens are B cells that secrete IgG antibodies reacting to?

A

Protein antigens

35
Q

What affinity are IgG antibodies?

A

High

36
Q

Why does the antibody level have a lag period?

A

The process of B cells becoming activated, dividing, differentiating and producing antibodies takes time

37
Q

When are the highest levels of antibodies?

A

7-10 days after infection

38
Q

What two functions do antibodies have, which part of the antigen performs that function, and what is involved?

A 
Recognition function
- Variable region sites
- Binding to antigen
Effector function
- Heavy chain constant region
- Clearance mechanisms to inactivate to eliminate the microbe
39
Q

What are the functions of IgM antibodies?

A

B cell activation
Agglutination
Complement system activation

40
Q

What is agglutination?

A

The formation of immune complexes

41
Q

What does the Ig mean in the names of the classes of antibodies?

A

Immunoglobulin

42
Q

Where is IgM present and why is it there only?

A

Plasma and secretions

It is too large to enter tissues

43
Q

What is the process of agglutination?

A

Antibodies cross-links multiple antigens to produce clumps of antigens

44
Q

What is agglutination mediated by?

A

Specific antigen binding to IgM and IgG antibodies

45
Q

How does agglutination help to eliminate pathogens?

A

Enhances phagocytosis

Prevents viruses from binding to and infecting host cells (neutralisation)

46
Q

Which classes of antibodies activate the complement system?

A

IgM

IgG

47
Q

How do antibodies activate the complement system?

A

Specific antigens bind to IgM and G receptors, inducing a change in conformation in the fc region.
This exposes multiple binding sites for C1, the first component of the classical activation pathway

48
Q

What is the fc region of antibodies?

A

The tail region that interacts with cell surface receptors

49
Q

What are the functions of IgG antibodies? (6)

A 
Agglutination
Complement system activation
Foetal immune protection
Neutralisation
Opsonisation
NK cell activation
50
Q

What is the most abundant class of antibody and the dominant type produces during a secondary immune response?

A

IgG

51
Q

Which class of antibody has the longest half life?

A

IgG

52
Q

Which antibodies are transported across the plasma into the foetal blood circulation?

A

IgG

53
Q

What is neutralisation?

A

The prevention of viruses from binding to and infecting host cells
The prevention of microbial toxins from disrupting normal cell function

54
Q

Why is there a window when babies are at high risk of infection?

A

After birth babies are no longer being given IgG antibodies by the mother so IgG levels decline. Before IgM, G and A levels increase there is a window where the level of antibodies is low

55
Q

What antibody classes cause neutralisation?

A

IgG

Secretory IgA

56
Q

What is the structure of IgM antibodies?

A

Pentamers

57
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

The process of coating pathogens in immune proteins called opsonins to enhance phagocytosis

58
Q

Which class of antibodies are the most effective opsonins?

A

IgG

59
Q

Which class of antibodies is the most effective activator of NK cells?

A

IgG

60
Q

What are the functions of NK cells?

A

Killing of infected host cells

Production of pro-inflammatory mediators

61
Q

What is the function of IgD antibodies?

A

B cell activation

62
Q

In what form do IgD antibodies activate B cells?

A

Membrane-bound form

63
Q

What is the second most abundant type of antibody?

A

IgA

64
Q

What form of IgA antibody is present in serum?

A

Monometric form

65
Q

What is the function of the monometric form of IgA antibodies?

A

Neutralisation

66
Q

What are the functions of the dimetric form of IgA antibodies?

A

Neonatal defence

Neutralisation at mucosal sites

67
Q

Where is the dimetric form of IgA antibodies present?

A

Secretory fluids

68
Q

What is the shorthand for the IgA antibodies that are found in secretory fluids?

A

sIgA

69
Q

Where are sIgA antibodies transported into and why?

A

Colostrum (colostrum and breast milk

To protect the GI tract of neonates

70
Q

What is colostrum?

A

A form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals in late pregnancy

71
Q

What can IgE antibodies trigger?

A

Allergic responses

72
Q

Which antibody class(es) are involved in neutralisation?

A

IgM
IgG
IgA

73
Q

Which antibody class(es) are involved in agglutination?

A

IgM

IgG

74
Q

Which antibody class(es) are involved in opsonisation?

A

IgG

75
Q

Which antibody class(es) are involved in complement activation?

A

IgM

IgG

76
Q

Which antibody class(es) are involved in NK cell activation?

A

IgG

77
Q

Which antibody class(es) are involved in placental transfer?

A

IgG

78
Q

Which antibody class(es) are involved in B cell activation?

A

IgM

IgD

79
Q

Which antibody class(es) are involved in allergic responses?

A

IgE

Principles - Immunology (4 decks)

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