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Principles - Immunology > Immunology 1 > Flashcards

Immunology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the immune system identify and eliminate?

A

Microorganisms
Pathogens
Abnormal cancer cells

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2
Q

How does the immune system identify and eliminate harmful substances?

A

Distinguishing self and non-self molecules
Identifying danger signals
A combination of the two

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3
Q

What must be kept balanced for an optimal immune system?

A

Protection from pathogens

Rejection of donor tissues

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4
Q

What are the two types of an immune over-reaction and what are they called?

A

Reaction to self - autoimmunity

Reaction to innocuous substances - allergy

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5
Q

What is the result of an immune under-reaction?

A

Recurrent infections

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6
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Innate

Adaptive/acquired

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7
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Defence mechanism present from birth and is generally non-specific

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8
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

Induced by the presence of foreign material and is usually specific to the substance or pathogen that induced the response

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9
Q

What are examples of innate immunity?

A

Physical barriers
Some soluble factors
Some immune cells

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10
Q

What are examples of acquired immunity?

A

Some soluble factors

Some immune cells

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11
Q

What are examples of soluble factors that are part of innate immunity?

A

Cytokines
Acute phase proteins
Inflammatory mediators
Compliment proteins

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12
Q

What are examples of soluble factors that are part of acquired immunity?

A

Cytokines

Antibodies

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13
Q

What are examples of immune cells that are part of innate immunity?

A

Macrophages
Mast cells
NK cells
Neutrophils

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14
Q

What are examples of immune cells that are part of acquired immunity?

A

B and T cells

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15
Q

What are pathogens’ points of entry to the body?

A

Digestive system
Respiratory system
Urogenital system
Skin damage

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16
Q

What are pathogens’ routes of attack in the body?

A

Circulatory system

Lymphatic system

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17
Q

What factors of skin make it a barrier to infection?

A

Physical barrier
Physiological factors
Sebaceous glands

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18
Q

What makes the skin an effective physical barrier?

A

Constantly undergoing renewal and replacement

Composed of tightly packed, highly keratinised, multilayered cells

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19
Q

What physiological factors of skin protect against infection?

A

Low pH of 5.5

Low oxygen tension

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20
Q

What do sebaceous glands of the skin produce that protect against infection?

A

Secrete hydrophobic oils
Lysozyme
Ammonia
Antimicrobial proteins

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21
Q

In what way does secreted mucus protect against infection?

A

Mucus lines all body cavities that come into contact with the environment and traps bacteria which are removed by cilia

22
Q

What methods of eliminating pathogens does the body have?

A

Coughing
Sneezing
Urination
Diarrhoea

23
Q

What areas of the body have a pH that is unfavourable to pathogens?

A

Stomach acid
Sweat
Saliva
Urine

24
Q

Where are lysozyme enzymes found and what do they do to protect against pathogens?

A

Tears, sweat

Digest bacterial cell walls

25
Q

What is the response time in innate immunity and acquired immunity?

A

Innate - rapid (mins - hrs)

Acquired - slow (days)

26
Q

What do macrophages do?

A 
Phagocytosis
Bacterial killing mechanisms
Antigen prevention
Wound healing/tissue repair
Self and non-self recognition
27
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Pro-inflammatory
Parasitic killing mechanisms
Self and non-self recognition

28
Q

What are examples of tissue-resident innate immune cells

A

Macrophage

Mast cell

29
Q

What are examples of phagocytic cells?

A

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

30
Q

What are the modes of ingestion used by macrophages?

A

Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Phagocytosis

31
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Ingestion of fluid surrounding cells

32
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule

33
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Intact particles are internalised whole

34
Q

What are modes of ingestion used by phagocytes facilitated by?

A

Opsonisation

35
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis? (7)

A

Macrophages express a set of PRRs
Receptor binding to PAMPs signals the formation of a phagocytic cup
The cup extends around the target and pinches off, forming a phagosome
This fuses with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome where the killing of pathogens and degradation of contents occurs
Debris is released into the extracellular fluid
Pathogen-derived peptides are expressed on special cell surface receptors
Pro-inflammatory mediators are released

36
Q

What do macrophages engulf in phagocytosis?

A

Solid matter, including apoptotic cells and microbial pathogens

37
Q

What does PRR stand for?

A

Pattern Recognising Receptor

38
Q

What does PAMP stand for?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern

39
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

The coating of pathogens by soluble factors to enhance phagocytosis

40
Q

What are examples of opsonins?

A

C3b
C-reactive protein
IgG/IgM

41
Q

What two methods do mast cells use to protect against pathogens?

A

Degranulation

Gene expression

42
Q

What is degranulation?

A

Release of pre-formed pro-inflammatory substances by mast cells after binding to a pathogen

43
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Production of new pro-inflammatory substances by mast cells after binding to a pathogen

44
Q

What are examples of pro-inflammatory mediators?

A

Nitric oxide
Prostaglandins
Histamines
Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF alpha)

45
Q

What are the local physiological signs of acute inflammation?

A

Vasodilation of small blood vessels
Increased permeability of post-capillary venules
Stimulation of nerve endings
Swelling/pain

46
Q

What are the symptoms of vasodilation of capillaries?

A

Redness

Heat

47
Q

What is the symptom of increased permeability of post-capillary venules?

A

Swelling

48
Q

What is the symptom of stimulation of nerve endings?

A

Pain

49
Q

What does vasodilation of blood vessels cause?

A

Increased blood flow
> Cell accumulation
> Increased cell metabolism

50
Q

What does permeability of post-capillary venules cause?

A

Fluid accumulates in extravascular space

Principles - Immunology (4 decks)

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