Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Immunology > Immunology 3: Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Immunology 3: Hypersensitivity Flashcards

(204 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction
- Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells - Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response - If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis) - If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer's lung
26
Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions
- Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens - Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
27
Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances
- Contact dermatitis caused by nickel | - Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells
28
Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity
- Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils - The effects are felt within minutes of exposure - Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy - Releases mediators of inflammation
29
What is atopy?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens - Develops history with atopy traits - Family history with atopy
30
Give examples of atopy
- Anaphylaxis - Angioedema - Urticaria - Rhinitis - Asthma - Dermatitis and eczema
31
How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?
B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)
32
What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?
- Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms - Mast cells are resident in many tissues - Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is - Basophils stay in the circulation - Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact - Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
33
What are the symptoms of allergy?
- Anaphylaxis - Asthma - Rhinitis - Urticaria - Angioedema - Atopic eczema
34
Describe how genetics cause allergies
- Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH - Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy - Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
35
Describe the process of anaphylaxis
- Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways - This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure - In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
36
Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions
- Infectious agents - Environmental substances - Self antigens
37
Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
Influenza
38
Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction
- Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells - Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response - If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis) - If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer's lung
39
Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions
- Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens - Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
40
Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances
- Contact dermatitis caused by nickel | - Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells
41
Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity
- Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils - The effects are felt within minutes of exposure - Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy - Releases mediators of inflammation
42
What is atopy?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens - Develops history with atopy traits - Family history with atopy
43
Give examples of atopy
- Anaphylaxis - Angioedema - Urticaria - Rhinitis - Asthma - Dermatitis and eczema
44
How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?
B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)
45
What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?
- Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms - Mast cells are resident in many tissues - Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is - Basophils stay in the circulation - Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact - Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
46
What are the symptoms of allergy?
- Anaphylaxis - Asthma - Rhinitis - Urticaria - Angioedema - Atopic eczema
47
Describe how genetics cause allergies
- Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH - Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy - Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
48
Describe the process of anaphylaxis
- Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways - This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure - In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
49
Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions
- Infectious agents - Environmental substances - Self antigens
50
Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
Influenza
51
Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction
- Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells - Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response - If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis) - If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer's lung
52
Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions
- Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens - Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
53
Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances
- Contact dermatitis caused by nickel | - Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells
54
Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity
- Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils - The effects are felt within minutes of exposure - Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy - Releases mediators of inflammation
55
What is atopy?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens - Develops history with atopy traits - Family history with atopy
56
Give examples of atopy
- Anaphylaxis - Angioedema - Urticaria - Rhinitis - Asthma - Dermatitis and eczema
57
How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?
B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)
58
What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?
- Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms - Mast cells are resident in many tissues - Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is - Basophils stay in the circulation - Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact - Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
59
What are the symptoms of allergy?
- Anaphylaxis - Asthma - Rhinitis - Urticaria - Angioedema - Atopic eczema
60
Describe how genetics cause allergies
- Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH - Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy - Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
61
Describe the process of anaphylaxis
- Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways - This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure - In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
62
Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions
- Infectious agents - Environmental substances - Self antigens
63
Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
Influenza
64
Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction
- Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells - Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response - If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis) - If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer's lung
65
Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions
- Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens - Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
66
Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances
- Contact dermatitis caused by nickel | - Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells
67
Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity
- Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils - The effects are felt within minutes of exposure - Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy - Releases mediators of inflammation
68
What is atopy?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens - Develops history with atopy traits - Family history with atopy
69
Give examples of atopy
- Anaphylaxis - Angioedema - Urticaria - Rhinitis - Asthma - Dermatitis and eczema
70
How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?
B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)
71
What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?
- Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms - Mast cells are resident in many tissues - Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is - Basophils stay in the circulation - Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact - Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
72
What are the symptoms of allergy?
- Anaphylaxis - Asthma - Rhinitis - Urticaria - Angioedema - Atopic eczema
73
Describe how genetics cause allergies
- Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH - Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy - Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
74
Describe the process of anaphylaxis
- Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways - This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure - In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
75
Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions
- Infectious agents - Environmental substances - Self antigens
76
Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
Influenza
77
Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction
- Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells - Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response - If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis) - If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer's lung
78
Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions
- Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens - Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
79
Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances
- Contact dermatitis caused by nickel | - Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells
80
Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity
- Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils - The effects are felt within minutes of exposure - Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy - Releases mediators of inflammation
81
What is atopy?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens - Develops history with atopy traits - Family history with atopy
82
Give examples of atopy
- Anaphylaxis - Angioedema - Urticaria - Rhinitis - Asthma - Dermatitis and eczema
83
How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?
B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)
84
What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?
- Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms - Mast cells are resident in many tissues - Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is - Basophils stay in the circulation - Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact - Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
85
What are the symptoms of allergy?
- Anaphylaxis - Asthma - Rhinitis - Urticaria - Angioedema - Atopic eczema
86
Describe how genetics cause allergies
- Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH - Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy - Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
87
Describe the process of anaphylaxis
- Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways - This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure - In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
88
Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions
- Infectious agents - Environmental substances - Self antigens
89
Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
Influenza
90
Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction
- Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells - Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response - If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis) - If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer's lung
91
Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions
- Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens - Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
92
Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances
- Contact dermatitis caused by nickel | - Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells
93
Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity
- Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils - The effects are felt within minutes of exposure - Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy - Releases mediators of inflammation
94
What is atopy?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens - Develops history with atopy traits - Family history with atopy
95
Give examples of atopy
- Anaphylaxis - Angioedema - Urticaria - Rhinitis - Asthma - Dermatitis and eczema
96
How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?
B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)
97
What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?
- Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms - Mast cells are resident in many tissues - Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is - Basophils stay in the circulation - Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact - Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
98
What are the symptoms of allergy?
- Anaphylaxis - Asthma - Rhinitis - Urticaria - Angioedema - Atopic eczema
99
Describe how genetics cause allergies
- Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH - Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy - Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
100
Describe the process of anaphylaxis
- Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways - This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure - In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
101
Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions
- Infectious agents - Environmental substances - Self antigens
102
Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
Influenza
103
Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction
- Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells - Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response - If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis) - If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer's lung
104
Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions
- Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens - Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
105
Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances
- Contact dermatitis caused by nickel | - Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells
106
Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity
- Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils - The effects are felt within minutes of exposure - Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy - Releases mediators of inflammation
107
What is atopy?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens - Develops history with atopy traits - Family history with atopy
108
Give examples of atopy
- Anaphylaxis - Angioedema - Urticaria - Rhinitis - Asthma - Dermatitis and eczema
109
How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?
B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)
110
What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?
- Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms - Mast cells are resident in many tissues - Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is - Basophils stay in the circulation - Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact - Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
111
What are the symptoms of allergy?
- Anaphylaxis - Asthma - Rhinitis - Urticaria - Angioedema - Atopic eczema
112
Describe how genetics cause allergies
- Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH - Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy - Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
113
Describe the process of anaphylaxis
- Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways - This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure - In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
114
Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions
- Infectious agents - Environmental substances - Self antigens
115
Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
Influenza
116
Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction
- Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells - Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response - If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis) - If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer's lung
117
Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions
- Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens - Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
118
Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances
- Contact dermatitis caused by nickel | - Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells
119
Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity
- Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils - The effects are felt within minutes of exposure - Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy - Releases mediators of inflammation
120
What is atopy?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens - Develops history with atopy traits - Family history with atopy
121
Give examples of atopy
- Anaphylaxis - Angioedema - Urticaria - Rhinitis - Asthma - Dermatitis and eczema
122
How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?
B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)
123
What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?
- Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms - Mast cells are resident in many tissues - Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is - Basophils stay in the circulation - Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact - Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
124
What are the symptoms of allergy?
- Anaphylaxis - Asthma - Rhinitis - Urticaria - Angioedema - Atopic eczema
125
Describe how genetics cause allergies
- Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH - Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy - Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
126
Describe the process of anaphylaxis
- Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways - This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure - In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
127
Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions
- Infectious agents - Environmental substances - Self antigens
128
Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
Influenza
129
Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction
- Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells - Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response - If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis) - If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer's lung
130
Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions
- Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens - Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
131
Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances
- Contact dermatitis caused by nickel | - Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells
132
Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity
- Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils - The effects are felt within minutes of exposure - Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy - Releases mediators of inflammation
133
What is atopy?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens - Develops history with atopy traits - Family history with atopy
134
Give examples of atopy
- Anaphylaxis - Angioedema - Urticaria - Rhinitis - Asthma - Dermatitis and eczema
135
How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?
B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)
136
What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?
- Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms - Mast cells are resident in many tissues - Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is - Basophils stay in the circulation - Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact - Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
137
What are the symptoms of allergy?
- Anaphylaxis - Asthma - Rhinitis - Urticaria - Angioedema - Atopic eczema
138
Describe how genetics cause allergies
- Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH - Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy - Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
139
Describe the process of anaphylaxis
- Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways - This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure - In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
140
Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions
- Infectious agents - Environmental substances - Self antigens
141
Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
Influenza
142
Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction
- Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells - Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response - If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis) - If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer's lung
143
Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions
- Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens - Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
144
Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances
- Contact dermatitis caused by nickel | - Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells
145
Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity
- Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils - The effects are felt within minutes of exposure - Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy - Releases mediators of inflammation
146
What is atopy?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens - Develops history with atopy traits - Family history with atopy
147
Give examples of atopy
- Anaphylaxis - Angioedema - Urticaria - Rhinitis - Asthma - Dermatitis and eczema
148
How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?
B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)
149
What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?
- Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms - Mast cells are resident in many tissues - Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is - Basophils stay in the circulation - Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact - Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
150
What are the symptoms of allergy?
- Anaphylaxis - Asthma - Rhinitis - Urticaria - Angioedema - Atopic eczema
151
Describe how genetics cause allergies
- Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH - Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy - Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
152
Describe the process of anaphylaxis
- Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways - This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure - In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
153
Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions
- Infectious agents - Environmental substances - Self antigens
154
Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
Influenza
155
Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction
- Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells - Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response - If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis) - If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer's lung
156
Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions
- Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens - Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
157
Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances
- Contact dermatitis caused by nickel | - Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells
158
Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity
- Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils - The effects are felt within minutes of exposure - Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy - Releases mediators of inflammation
159
What is atopy?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens - Develops history with atopy traits - Family history with atopy
160
Give examples of atopy
- Anaphylaxis - Angioedema - Urticaria - Rhinitis - Asthma - Dermatitis and eczema
161
How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?
B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)
162
What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?
- Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms - Mast cells are resident in many tissues - Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is - Basophils stay in the circulation - Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact - Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
163
What are the symptoms of allergy?
- Anaphylaxis - Asthma - Rhinitis - Urticaria - Angioedema - Atopic eczema
164
Describe how genetics cause allergies
- Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH - Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy - Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
165
Describe the process of anaphylaxis
- Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways - This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure - In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
166
Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions
- Infectious agents - Environmental substances - Self antigens
167
Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
Influenza
168
Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction
- Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells - Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response - If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis) - If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer's lung
169
Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions
- Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens - Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
170
Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances
- Contact dermatitis caused by nickel | - Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells
171
Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity
- Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils - The effects are felt within minutes of exposure - Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy - Releases mediators of inflammation
172
What is atopy?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens - Develops history with atopy traits - Family history with atopy
173
Give examples of atopy
- Anaphylaxis - Angioedema - Urticaria - Rhinitis - Asthma - Dermatitis and eczema
174
How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?
B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)
175
What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?
- Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms - Mast cells are resident in many tissues - Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is - Basophils stay in the circulation - Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact - Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
176
What are the symptoms of allergy?
- Anaphylaxis - Asthma - Rhinitis - Urticaria - Angioedema - Atopic eczema
177
Describe how genetics cause allergies
- Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH - Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy - Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
178
Describe the process of anaphylaxis
- Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways - This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure - In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
179
Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions
- Infectious agents - Environmental substances - Self antigens
180
Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
Influenza
181
Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction
- Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells - Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response - If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis) - If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer's lung
182
Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions
- Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens - Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
183
Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances
- Contact dermatitis caused by nickel | - Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells
184
Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity
- Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils - The effects are felt within minutes of exposure - Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy - Releases mediators of inflammation
185
What is atopy?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens - Develops history with atopy traits - Family history with atopy
186
Give examples of atopy
- Anaphylaxis - Angioedema - Urticaria - Rhinitis - Asthma - Dermatitis and eczema
187
How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?
B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)
188
What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?
- Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms - Mast cells are resident in many tissues - Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is - Basophils stay in the circulation - Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact - Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
189
What are the symptoms of allergy?
- Anaphylaxis - Asthma - Rhinitis - Urticaria - Angioedema - Atopic eczema
190
Describe how genetics cause allergies
- Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH - Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy - Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
191
Describe the process of anaphylaxis
- Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways - This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure - In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
192
Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions
- Infectious agents - Environmental substances - Self antigens
193
Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
Influenza
194
Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction
- Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells - Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response - If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis) - If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer's lung
195
Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions
- Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens - Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
196
Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances
- Contact dermatitis caused by nickel | - Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells
197
Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity
- Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils - The effects are felt within minutes of exposure - Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy - Releases mediators of inflammation
198
What is atopy?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens - Develops history with atopy traits - Family history with atopy
199
Give examples of atopy
- Anaphylaxis - Angioedema - Urticaria - Rhinitis - Asthma - Dermatitis and eczema
200
How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?
B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)
201
What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?
- Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms - Mast cells are resident in many tissues - Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is - Basophils stay in the circulation - Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact - Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
202
What are the symptoms of allergy?
- Anaphylaxis - Asthma - Rhinitis - Urticaria - Angioedema - Atopic eczema
203
Describe how genetics cause allergies
- Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH - Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy - Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
204
Describe the process of anaphylaxis
- Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways - This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure - In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift

Immunology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions