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Immunology > Immunology 3: Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Immunology 3: Hypersensitivity Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

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2
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

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3
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

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4
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

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5
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

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6
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

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7
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

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8
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

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9
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Excessive immune responses to an antigen that cause damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
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3
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10
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
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11
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

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12
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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19
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
83
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

84
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
85
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
86
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
87
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
88
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
89
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

90
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
91
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
92
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

93
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
94
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
95
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
96
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

97
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
98
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
99
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
100
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
101
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
102
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

103
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
104
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
105
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

106
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
107
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
108
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
109
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

110
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
111
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
112
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
113
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
114
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
115
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

116
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
117
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
118
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

119
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
120
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
121
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
122
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

123
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
124
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
125
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
126
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
127
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
128
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

129
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
130
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
131
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

132
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
133
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
134
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
135
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

136
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
137
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
138
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
139
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
140
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
141
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

142
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
143
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
144
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

145
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
146
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
147
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
148
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

149
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
150
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
151
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
152
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
153
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
154
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

155
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
156
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
157
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

158
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
159
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
160
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
161
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

162
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
163
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
164
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
165
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
166
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
167
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

168
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
169
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
170
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

171
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
172
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
173
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
174
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

175
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
176
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
177
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
178
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
179
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
180
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

181
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
182
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
183
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

184
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
185
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
186
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
187
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

188
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
189
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
190
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
191
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift
192
Q

Name the types of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental substances
  • Self antigens
193
Q

Which common virus can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Influenza

194
Q

Describe how dust can stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Dust is able to enter the lower extremities of the respiratory tract which has lots of adaptive immune cells
  • Dust can mimic parasites and can stimulate an antibody response
  • If the dominant antibody is IgE it can trigger immediate hypersensitivity (allergy symptoms such as asthma or rhinitis)
  • If the dust stimulates IgG antibodies, it may trigger a different kind of hypersensitivity e.g. farmer’s lung
195
Q

Explain how hypersensitivity to environmental substances can cause skin reactions

A
  • Smaller molecules sometimes diffuse into the skin and may act as haptens
  • Haptens are small molecular irritants that bind to proteins and eleicit an immune response
196
Q

Give two examples of hypersensitivity skin reactions to environmental substances

A
  • Contact dermatitis caused by nickel

- Drugs can elicit hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE, IgG or T cells

197
Q

Describe the features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • Mediated through the degranulation of mast cell and eosinophils
  • The effects are felt within minutes of exposure
  • Immediate hypersensitivity and allergy
  • Releases mediators of inflammation
198
Q

What is atopy?

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens
  • Develops history with atopy traits
  • Family history with atopy
199
Q

Give examples of atopy

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Urticaria
  • Rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Dermatitis and eczema
200
Q

How is IgE produced in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

B cells produce it when co-stimulated with IL-4 (secreted by Th2 cells)

201
Q

What role do degranulating cells have in hypersensitivity?

A
  • Release of mediators that cause allergic symptoms
  • Mast cells are resident in many tissues
  • Eosinophils migrate to the tissues where the reaction is
  • Basophils stay in the circulation
  • Mast cells initiate allergic symptoms after the allergen and IgE interact
  • Mast cells have receptors for IgE and FceRI (high affinity IgE receptor
202
Q

What are the symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Rhinitis
  • Urticaria
  • Angioedema
  • Atopic eczema
203
Q

Describe how genetics cause allergies

A
  • Fillagrin is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in maintaining epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH
  • Polymorphisms in the gene encoding is established as a cause of allergy
  • Exposure to environmental factors adds the risk of developing allergies
204
Q

Describe the process of anaphylaxis

A
  • Mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
  • This results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Vascular tone falls - resulting in a severe drop in blood pressure
  • In the skin, mast cells release histamine increasing the swelling and fluid shift

Immunology (3 decks)

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