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LC Principles Immunology > Immunology 3 > Flashcards

Immunology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the innate immune response?

A

Rapid response, lasts as long as the pathogen is present

Same generic biological response to many different pathogens

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2
Q

What is the adaptive immune response?

A

Slow response, response is unique to each individual pathogen, mediated by T and B lymphocytes, responsible for creating/generating immunological memory.

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3
Q

What cells are linked with the innate immune response?

A 
Acute inflammation 
Macrophages 
Mast cells 
NK cells
Neutrophils
Complement
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4
Q

What cells are linked with the adaptive immune response?

A

B cells
T cells
Antibodies

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5
Q

Describe what happens in an acute limited infection?

A

There would be a normal immune response
Rapidly cleared by the immune system
Last immunological memory

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6
Q

Describe what would happen in a latent (chronic) infection?

A

The pathogen hides from the immune system

There are periodic episodes of pathogen reactivation and replication.

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7
Q

Describe what would happen in a chronic infection?

A

Failure to clear the pathogen
The immune response fails (immunodeficiency)
On-going pathogen replication

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8
Q

Describe what would happen if there was a defective INNATE immune system?

A

the level of microorganism would increase rapidly

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9
Q

Describe what would happen if there was a defective ADAPTIVE immune system?

A

There would be a slow increase of microoganism over time.

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10
Q

What are the two types of cell contact?

A

Direct contact

Indirect contact

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11
Q

Describe direct contact?

A

Direct receptor to ligand interaction

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12
Q

Describe indirect contact?

A

An injured tissue cell or activated immune cell can produce and secrete cytokines which go on to bind to other cells.

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13
Q

What are some physiological signs of actue inflammation?

A

Dilatation of small blood vessels -> increased blood flow, cell accumulation, increased cell metabolism (redness and head)

Increased permeability of post-capillary venues -> fluid accumulated in extravascular spaces (swelling)

Stimulation of nerve endings (pain)

Swelling and pain (loss of function)

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14
Q

What are the 3 phases of the innate immune system?

A

Recognition phase
Activation phase
Effector phase

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15
Q

Describe the Recognition phase?

- what do pathogens express?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

- these are not found on human cells

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16
Q

Describe the Recognition phase?

- what do innate immune cells express?

A

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)

- these are the partner receptors for PAMPs

17
Q

Describe the activation phase and effector phase?

A

Acute inflammation and pathogen killing

18
Q

Describe the steps in the clearance of apoptotic cells by tissue resident macrophages?

A
  1. Apoptotic cells release ‘find-me’ signals to attract and activate macrophages
  2. Macrophages recognize specific ‘eat-me’ signals expressed on the surface of apoptotic cells
  3. Macrophages rearrange their cytoskeletal to internalize apoptotic cells
  4. Digestion of the ingested ‘cargo’
  5. Secretion of anti-inflammatory mediators (e.g. interleukin 10) to prevent tissue damage
19
Q

Describe in more detail the steps in phagocytosis? (formation of phagosome etc)

A
  1. Receptor binding to ‘eat-me’ signals on apoptotic cell - formation of a phagocytic cup
  2. Cup extends around the target and pinches off, forming a phagosome
  3. Fusion with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome - degradation of contents (acidification, lysosomal hydrolases)
  4. Debris and antigens released into extracellular fluid
20
Q

What happens is physical barriers are breached by pathogens?

A

Results in the activation of tissue resident innate immune cells by PAMPs (pathogens) and ‘danger’ signals (injured tissue cells)

21
Q

Describe what happens when the early innate immune responses are triggered by pathogens (via PAMPs) and injured tissue cells (via danger signals)

A

Macropages, mast cells and NK cells cause the pathogen to be killed, the infected tissue to be killed and the production of inflammatory mediators.

22
Q

What bacteria can evade phagolysosome killing?

A

Salmonella
Staph. aureus
Mycobacteria

23
Q

Describe how macrophage activation can be enhanced?

A

Macrophage activation is enhanced by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ (interferon gamma):

24
Q

Describe how macrophage activation can be enhanced?

- what can this cause?

A

↑ production of toxic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS)

↑ antigen presentation capability of activated macrophages

25
Q

Describe the innate immune response of mast cells?

A
  1. Degranulation

2. Gene expression

26
Q

Describe more degranulation and gene expression in terms of mast cells and the innate immune response?

A

Degranulation = release of pre formed pro inflammatory mediators when the pathogen has been recognised
Gene expression = production of new pro inflammatory mediators

27
Q

What is the function of NK cells

A

Specifically kill infected cells and abnormal cancer cells (which then release pro-inflammatory mediators)

28
Q

What are some of the Systemic Effects of Cytokines?

A

↑ Neutrophil production (Leukocytosis)

Acute Phase Response

Fever

29
Q

What is the acute phase response?

A

The systemic response that involves changes in the plasma concentrations of specific proteins in response to inflammation

30
Q

What is the acute phase response ‘controlled’ by?

A

Cytokines produced during localised inflammatory responses

Changes due to altered protein synthesis in the liver

31
Q

Name some of the acute phase proteins?

A

C reactive protein
Serum amyloid protein (SAP)
Fibrinogen
Complement proteins

Haptoglobin
Manganese superoxidade dismutase
Proteinase inhibitors

32
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

Wound healing

Coagulation

33
Q

What is the function of C reactive protein , Serum amyloid protein (SAP), Complement proteins?

A

Preventing the spread of infection

Diagnostic marker

34
Q

What is the function of C reactive protein (CRP), Haptoglobin, Manganese superoxidase dismutase, Proteinase inhibitors?

A

Preventing systemic inflammation

35
Q

What is C reactive protein?

A

A major act phase protein
Used as a marker for inflammation

also enhances phagocytosis
also complment system activation

LC Principles Immunology (3 decks)

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