Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LC Principles Immunology > Immunology 2 > Flashcards

Immunology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Network of specialised cells, tissues and soluble factors that co-operate and kill and eliminate disease, causing pathogens and cancer cells..?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the key factors of the immune system?

A
  • able to modify the response to deal with different types of pathogens in the most effective way
  • able to actively promote tissue repair and healing
  • able to remember pathogen it encounters (memory)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the main components of the immune system (leukocytes)?

- CELLS

A
  • Phagocytes - neutrophils, dendritic cells and mono/macrophages
  • lymphocytes - T cells, B cells, NK cells
  • Mast cells, Basophils and Eosinophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the main components of the immune system?

- SOLUBLE FACTORS

A

Antibodies
Complement system proteins
Cytokines
Acute phase proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 4 classes of pathogens does the immune system protect us against?

A

Extracellular bacteria, parasites and fungi
Intracellular bacteria and parasites
Viruses (intracellular)
Parasitic worms (extracellular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe cytokines, name the 4 different types?

A

They are a diverse collection of small peptides and proteins

Produced in response to infection, inflammation and tissue damage

Modulate the behaviour of cells

Interferon, TNF(a), Chemokines, Interlukins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the function of interferon? (cytokine)

A

Anti-viral activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the function of TNF(a)?

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the function of chemokines?

A

Direct and control cell migration, along a gradient of low to high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the function of interleukins?

A

Various functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe antibodies?

Produced in response to?
Produced by?

A

They are proteins produced in response to an antigen, and they bind specifically to that antigen

They are produced by an antigen activated B cell

They provide defence against extracellular pathogens/viruses/toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance which can stimulate an immune response (lipid, carb etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Descibe T and B cells generally?

A

They are mature cells that circulate though the body

They only become activate when in contact with an antigen or pathogen

Some are long lived (memory T and B)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe T cells?

Helper T cells?
Cytotoxic T cells?

A

Key role in defence against intracellular pathogens

Helper T cells - Regulators of immune system

Cytotoxic T cells - Kill, virally infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe B cells?

A

Production and secretion of antibodies to defend against extracellular pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe NK cells?

A

Large granular lymphocytes

Can kill tumour cells and virally infection cells

Can also kill antibody bound cells and pathogens

They can release lytic granules that kill some virus infected cells

17
Q

Where do you find mast cells?

A

Reside in tissues and protect mucosal surfaces

18
Q

Where do you find basophils and eosinophils?

A

In the blood

They are recruited to the site of infection by inflammatory signals

19
Q

Describe in general mast cells, basophils and eosinophils?

A

Highly granular

Released chemicals (histamine, inflammatory cytokines)

Defence system against large pathogens that cannot be phagocytosed

Key role in mediating allergic response

20
Q

Describe the complement system?

A

Proteins produced in the liver (approx 30 proteins)

Circulate around the body in an inactive form

Enter infected/inflamed tissues where they become activated - then cleave and activate other downstream complement proteins

Critical role in promoting inflammation and defence against bacteria

21
Q

What are the key functions of complement?

A

Promote inflammation

Recruit cells

Solubilise and remove from the circulation antigen-antibody complexes

22
Q

Describe neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages generally?

A

They are Phagoctic cells they -

Clear debris ingest and kill bacteria and fungi

Secrete cytokines which regulates acute inflammatory response

23
Q

Describe monocytes?

A

Precusor of macrophages in the blood

24
Q

Describe macrophages?

A

Long lived tissues resident phagocytes

Limit inflammation involved in tissue repair and wound healing and antigen presentation

25
Q

Describe neutrophils?

A

Tri/bi lobed nucleus
Have finite capacity - die

Short lived

Rapidly recruited to inflamed, damage and infected tissues

26
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

They are antigen presenting cells, they act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems

27
Q

Describe dendritic cells?

A

They present in peripheral tissues in an immature state

They phagocytose antigens

Mature and migrate into secondary lymphoid tissues where they play a key role in antigen presentation to the T cells

28
Q

In order from most to least what cells are the best at killing and degradation?

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

29
Q

In order from most to least what cells are best at antigen presentation?

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils

30
Q

What component of the immune system is involved with intracellular parasites and bacteria?

A

Antibody and B cells
Cytotoxic T cells
NK cells

31
Q

What component of the immune system is involved with extracellular bacteria, parasites and fungi?

A 
Cytotoxic T cell
NK cell 
Neutrophils 
Macrophages 
Complement 
Antibodies
32
Q

What component of the immune system is involved with parasitic Worms?

A 
Eosinophils
Mast cells
basophils 
antibodies 
B cells
33
Q

What is primary lymphoid tissue?

A

Site of leukocyte development

E.g. Bone marrow
Thymus

34
Q

What is secondary lymphocyte tissue?

A

Sites where the adaptive immune responses are initiated
Contain T B and dendritic cells

E.g. 
Spleen 
Lymph nodes (cervical, axillary, inguinal...)
Adenoids
Tonsils
Thoracic duct 
Peyers patches
Right subclavian vein
35
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A system of vessels draining fluid from body tissues (lymph)

Lymph nodes are positioned regularly along lymph vessels – trap pathogens and antigens in lymph

36
Q

What is lymphoedma?

A

condition of localised fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by a compromised lymphatic system which normally returns interstitial fluid to the thoracic duct and then the bloodstream

These tissues are at risk of infection

37
Q

What is immunological memory mediated by?

A

T cells and memory B cells

38
Q

Describe some macrophages that are in the, liver, lung, kindness and nervous system?

A

Kupffer cells - liver
Alveolar macrophages - lung
Mesangial cells - kidney
Microglial cells - nervous system

39
Q

What component of the immune system is involved with viruses?

A

Cytokines - interferons
Antibodies
Cytotoxic T cell
NK cell

LC Principles Immunology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions