Immunology 2 Flashcards
what is pus
a mixture of dead bacteria and dead neutrophils
what is the most importnat result for the death of the neutrophil?
The creation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to control bacterial infection, prevents sepsis
What are neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) made out of?
processed chromatin bound to granular and selected cytoplasmic proteins.
how is a microbe phagocytosed?
wrapped by the membrane of the neutrophil/macrophage, IT NEVER ENTERS THE cytoplasm (space) and it then fuses with the lysosome.
when does a neutrophil die?
when all the contents of the phagosome is released into the cytoplasm
what turns a natural killer cell off
MHC class 1 molcule, turn off to prevents them killing the cells (cancer and microbes lacbk this natural killer cell)
name 3 ways the complement pathway can be activated?
PAMPs (pathogen surfaces), classical (antigen antibody), and also lectin binding to pathogen surfaces.
Name the 3 major functions of the complement activation
Recruitment of inflammatory cells, opsonization of pathogens and the killing of pathogens.
4 signs of inflammation?
redness, heat pain and swelling
what is another name for MDNCF
Il-8
where does the dendritic cell stay?
lymph node
what does the late process in the humoral response involve?
antibody
what are early processes?
events that initiate the immune response (innate immunity to the interaction with the T helper), it has both humoral and cellular components.
what are late processes?
the effector or killing aspect of immunity
what does the late process in the cellular immune response involve?
T-cytotoxic cell
Major Histocompatibility complex type 1, where is this located?
All cells.
Major Histocompatibility complex type 2, where is this located?
Antigen presenting cells - the macrophage cell, the dendritic cells, and B cells
Major Histocompatibility complex type 1, how many classes?
3, HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C
Major Histocompatibility complex type 2, how many classes?
3, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR
both class 1 and class 2 MHC molecules can present ANY kind of an epitope t/f
T
What is an epitope?
A piece of antigen
How does Dendritic cells present antigens?
Phagocytosis, and then sythesizes the MHC class 2 and presents the epitope on the surface of the cell.
what is sepsis
the presence in tissues of harmful bacteria and their toxins, typically through infection of a wound.
what is the bursa of fabricius
is the site of hematopoiesis, a specialized organ that is necessary for B cell development in birds. Near the cloaca, near the end of the digestive tract
