Immunology 2

Question 1

what is pus

Answer 1

a mixture of dead bacteria and dead neutrophils

Question 2

what is the most importnat result for the death of the neutrophil?

Answer 2

The creation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to control bacterial infection, prevents sepsis

Question 3

What are neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) made out of?

Answer 3

processed chromatin bound to granular and selected cytoplasmic proteins.

Question 4

how is a microbe phagocytosed?

Answer 4

wrapped by the membrane of the neutrophil/macrophage, IT NEVER ENTERS THE cytoplasm (space) and it then fuses with the lysosome.

Question 5

when does a neutrophil die?

Answer 5

when all the contents of the phagosome is released into the cytoplasm

Question 6

what turns a natural killer cell off

Answer 6

MHC class 1 molcule, turn off to prevents them killing the cells (cancer and microbes lacbk this natural killer cell)

Question 7

name 3 ways the complement pathway can be activated?

Answer 7

PAMPs (pathogen surfaces), classical (antigen antibody), and also lectin binding to pathogen surfaces.

Question 8

Name the 3 major functions of the complement activation

Answer 8

Recruitment of inflammatory cells, opsonization of pathogens and the killing of pathogens.

Question 9

4 signs of inflammation?

Answer 9

redness, heat pain and swelling

Question 10

what is another name for MDNCF

Answer 10

Il-8

Question 11

where does the dendritic cell stay?

Answer 11

lymph node

Question 12

what does the late process in the humoral response involve?

Answer 12

antibody

Question 13

what are early processes?

Answer 13

events that initiate the immune response (innate immunity to the interaction with the T helper), it has both humoral and cellular components.

Question 14

what are late processes?

Answer 14

the effector or killing aspect of immunity

Question 15

what does the late process in the cellular immune response involve?

Answer 15

T-cytotoxic cell

Question 16

Major Histocompatibility complex type 1, where is this located?

Answer 16

All cells.

Question 17

Major Histocompatibility complex type 2, where is this located?

Answer 17

Antigen presenting cells - the macrophage cell, the dendritic cells, and B cells

Question 18

Major Histocompatibility complex type 1, how many classes?

Answer 18

3, HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C

Question 19

Major Histocompatibility complex type 2, how many classes?

Answer 19

3, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR

Question 20

both class 1 and class 2 MHC molecules can present ANY kind of an epitope t/f

Answer 20

T

Question 21

What is an epitope?

Answer 21

A piece of antigen

Question 22

How does Dendritic cells present antigens?

Answer 22

Phagocytosis, and then sythesizes the MHC class 2 and presents the epitope on the surface of the cell.

Question 23

what is sepsis

Answer 23

the presence in tissues of harmful bacteria and their toxins, typically through infection of a wound.

Question 24

what is the bursa of fabricius

Answer 24

is the site of hematopoiesis, a specialized organ that is necessary for B cell development in birds. Near the cloaca, near the end of the digestive tract

Question 25

Where are b cells synthesized

Answer 25

Bone marrow

Question 26

where are t cells synthesized/

Answer 26

in the thymus

Question 27

Can t cells make antibody?

Answer 27

yes.. but not well, needs to T helper