Immunology Flashcards
How can we define Hypersensitivity?
Normal but exaggerated/uncontrolled immune response to an antigen
What can hypersensitivity produce?
Inflammation
Cell Destruction
Tissue Injury
What are the four types of hypersensitivity?
Type 1 - Anaphylactic Reaction
Type 2 - Cytotoxic Reaction
Type 3 - Immune Complex Reaction
Type 4 - T Cell-Dependent
What does “Allergy” refer to?
Any altered reaction to external substances
What can eosinophils be attracted by?
Area of activity by chemotactic factors
What do mast cells or basophils release?
Histamine
What are examples of an Antibody dependent or complement mediated cytotoxic reaction?
Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (Immediate/Delayed)
What is the term given to repeated exposure leading to sensitization producing an insoluble antigen-antibody complex?
Arthus Reaction
What are common skin conditions of Immune Complex Reaction?
Allergic Vasculitis
Erythema Nodosum
What is an example of a pulmonary reaction in an Immune Complex reaction?
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
What is cell mediated immunity moderated by?
Link between T lymphs and phagocytic cells
What are purified antibodies cloned from a single cell?
Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs)
What are MAbs used in the analysis of?
Cell membrane antigens and have single specifity
What is a M protein, also known as a monoclonal protein or paraprotein?
Single clone of lymphoid (B cell) plasma cells
Produces higher levels of a single class/type of antibody
What is the most common plasma cell disorder?
Premalignant precursor of myeloma
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)
Increases with age
What is a plasma cell neoplasm characterized by accumulation of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow?
Multiple Myeloma
What is the normal/abnormal amount of plasma cells in the bone marrow?
Normal: 1% plasma cells
Multiple Myeloma: 90% plasma cells
What is Multiple Myeloma the most common form of?
Dysproteinemia
What is the most consistent immunologic feature of Multiple Myeloma?
Incessant synthesis of dysfunctional single monoclonal protein/antibody chains of fragments
What is the most important diagnostic marker of MM and only produced by 10% of patients?
Bence Jones
What is a B cell disorder characterized by infiltration of lymphoplasmacytic cells into the bone marrow of an IgM monoclonal gammopathy?
Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia (WM)
How often does WM occur and in what kind of patients?
10% as frequent as MM
Found in older patients (60-64 years old)
Almost no bone pain
What does a microscopic exam of bone aspirate reveal?
Ragged Cytoplasm and stain positive with periodic Acid-Schiff
Lymphoplasmacytic Cells
What contains one or more heavy chain classes and both light chain class types?
Polyclonal Gammopathies
