Immunology

Question 1

What are the three lines of defense

Answer 1

1st. Physical barrier (the skin and mucus membranes)
2nd. Phagocytes, fever, natural killers, complement, interferon, inflammation
3rd. Mainly T and B lymphocytes

Question 2

Physical barriers

Answer 2

skin and mucus membranes

Question 3

Chemical barriers
(name the 2 main ways and examples

Answer 3

Acid is used by both the skin and stomach to kill pathogens
enzymes used to inhibit microorganisms
Lysozyme of saliva
Respiratory mucus
Lacrimal fluid ( tears are salty and have enzymes to stop eye infections)
gastric enzymes

Question 4

2nd line of defense

Answer 4

Phagocytes
Natural Killer cells
Inflammation response (Macrophages, mast cells, WBC’s, and Inflammation chemicals)
Antimicrobial proteins (interferons and complement proteins)
Fever

Question 5

What are the types of Phagocytes
(Name them and know a little about each)

Answer 5

Neutrophils (most phagocytic)
Macrophages(develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells)
Dendritic cells ( found in skin and mucus membranes)

Question 6

How do NK cells kill pathogens

Answer 6

Create pores in target cell and cause apoptosis

Question 7

When is inflammation triggered

Answer 7

Whenever body tissue gets injured

Question 8

What are the benefits of inflammation

Answer 8

prevents spread of damaging agents
disposes debris
alerts adaptive immune system
starts repair

Question 9

What are the 4 signs of inflammation

Answer 9

1. Redness
2. Heat
3. Swelling
4. Pain

Question 10

Name the 3 stages of inflammation

Answer 10

1. Inflammatory chemical release
2. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
3. Phagocyte Mobilization

Question 11

what does an Interferon do

Answer 11

Warns nearby cells that a cell is infected

Question 12

Complement
(what it is, what it does, and what type of immunity it is)

Answer 12

A cascade of about 20 proteins
leads to destruction of foreign substances
Innate and adaptive immunity

Question 13

Complement pathways

Answer 13

classic and alternative

Question 14

Complement (classic)
what type of immunity and how is it activated

Answer 14

Antibody activated (adaptive)

Question 15

Complement (alternative)
what type of immunity and how is it activated

Answer 15

Binds directly to foreign agent (innate)

Question 16

When does cell lysis begin in Complement system

Answer 16

When the Membrane Attack Complex inserts into the cell membrane
(cell fills with water and explodes)

Question 17

What are the 2 main branches of the adaptive immune system and which lymph is which

Answer 17

Humoral (B-lymph) and cellular (T-lymph)

Question 18

what does humoral immunity mean

Answer 18

immunity in the body fluids

Question 19

Why is humoral immunity considered immunity in the body fluids

Answer 19

Because anti-bodies produced by b lymphocytes circulate freely in the body fluids

Question 20

Where do lymphocytes originate from

Answer 20

All lymphocytes originate from the red bone marrow
T lymph mature in the thymus
B lymph mature in the red bone marrow

Question 21

What are the 2 stages of Lymphocytes maturation

Answer 21

1. immunocompetence (training the lymphocytes to kill foreign substances)
2. Self-tolerance (train to not attack our own cells)

Question 22

What is an antigen

Answer 22

Any substance that can provoke an immune response

Question 23

What is an example of an antigen

Answer 23

pathogens like bacteria or viruses and allergens like pollen or foods

Question 24

Name the antibody classes

Answer 24

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

Question 25

*IgM*

Answer 25

Primary antibody when threatened by pathogens activates complement system

Question 26

*IgG*

Answer 26

75-80% of antibodies in plasma form secondary and late primary responses Can cross placental border

Question 27

*IgA*

Answer 27

Secretory Found in mucus membrane, saliva, tears, and mothers milk

Question 28

*IgE*

Answer 28

EOSINOPHILS Think allergies or parasites cause mast cells to release Histamine

Question 29

*IgD*

Answer 29

Attached to surface of B cells Function as a b cell receptor

Question 30

Name the defensive mechanisms used by antibodies

Answer 30

Opsonization, agglutination, neutralization, complement fixation

Question 31

What do antibodies not do

Answer 31

Directly destroy antigens, they only inactivate them and tag them for destruction

Question 32

Opsonization mechanism and what it does

Answer 32

Antigen is inundated with antibody molecules Makes it easier to phagocytize

Question 33

Agglutination mechanism what specific problem does this occur in

Answer 33

Antibodies can bind two antigens together causing a a clump of antigens wrong blood type transfusions

Question 34

Neutralization

Answer 34

Block receptor sites on virus to block from binding to tissue cells

Question 35

How do you treat someone with an auto immune disease

Answer 35

Weaken the entire immune system anti inflammatory drugs such as coritcosteroids

Question 36

*Hypersensitivity type 1*

Answer 36

Very fast response IgE in this causes release of histamines can range from light reaction to anaphylaxes

Question 37

*Hypersensitivity type 2*

Answer 37

Think wrong blood transfusion Cytotoxic reaction Antigens bind to specific body cells best example red blood cells

Question 38

*Hypersensitivity type 3*

Answer 38

Think arthritis (destruction of joints and other tissue cells) (autoimmune diseases) Antigen-antibody complexes form in blood and get deposited in tissues many immune responses happen including inflammation

Question 39

*Hypersensitivity type 4*

Answer 39

Delayed hyper sensitivities Think poison ivy/ skin reactions slow onset Tb test depends on this