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Fluid-Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

what percent of body mass is water in infants

A

73%

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2
Q

what percent of body mass is water in adult males(important)

A

60%

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3
Q

what percent of body mass is water in adult females(important)

A

50%

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4
Q

Which tissue is the least hydrated

A

adipose tissue

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5
Q

What tissue is high in water and accounts for the difference in water composition between males and females

A

skeletal muscle, men have more skeletal muscle which is why they have higher % of water

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6
Q

How low does the water percent drop to in old age

A

around 45%

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7
Q

What is fluid within cells called(important must know)

A

Intracellular fluid (cytoplasm)

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8
Q

Where is 2/3 of body fluid (important must know)

A

inside cells (ICF)

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9
Q

where is 1/3 of body fluid (important must know)

A

Outside cells (ECF)

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10
Q

Is plasma inside or outside of the cells (important must know)

A

Outside (intravascular)

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11
Q

Where is interstitial fluid (important must know)

A

Outside cells between the spaces of cells most notably between tissues and capillaries

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12
Q

what are examples of interstitial fluids (important must know)

A

lymph, CSF, Eye humor, synovial fluid, and gastrointestinal fluids

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13
Q

What are solutes and their classifications within the body

A

Substances that are dissolved in water.
They are classified as electrolytes and non-electrolytes

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14
Q

What are characteristics of non-electrolytes

A

Most are organic molecules and they do NOT dissociate in water (ions don’t separate)

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15
Q

What are examples of Non-electrolytes

A

Glucose, Proteins and Amino Acids, Lipids, Creatinine, and Urea

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16
Q

What are examples of electrolytes

A

Inorganic salts(NaCl, KCl), all acids and bases, and some proteins

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17
Q

What are characteristics of electrolytes and which is most important

A

They dissociate into ions and most importantly they have a greater osmotic power than non-electrolytes.

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18
Q

What is osmotic power

A

This is a solutes ability to attract water

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19
Q

In what direction does water move in terms of solute concentration (important must know)

A

Water moves towards a higher solute concentration (remember salt sucks)

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20
Q

What are the electrolytic components of ECF

A

The electrolyte contents are almost all the same
Major cation: Na+
Major anion: Cl-
Plasma (diffused from blood) : More protein = less Cl-

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21
Q

What are the major electrolytic components of ICF

A

Contains more soluble proteins than plasma
Low Na+ and Cl-
Major cation: K+
Major anion: HPO4

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22
Q

Explain in detail what hypernatremia is (important must know)

A

This is an increase in EXTRACELLULAR sodium
this causes and increase in solute concentration OUTSIDE the cell causing water to flood out of the cell into the interstitial fluid

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23
Q

What happens to ECF osmolarity when there is an increase in sodium OUTSIDE the cell (important must know)

A

ECF osmolarity INCREASES

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24
Q

What happens to ECF osmolarity when sodium ENTERS the cell (important must know)

A

ECF osmolarity lowers

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25
Explain in detail what Hyponatremia is and what happens because of it
This is when there is a DECREASE in sodium concentration OUTSIDE the cell causing ECF osmolarity to lower causing water to flow into the cell
26
How much water should you intake in a day
2500mL
27
What are the 2 sources of water intake for humans
Most come from ingestion but some come from metabolic processes like the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
28
What are the sources of water output (important must know)
Urination(60%) insensible water loss (breath and skin) perspiration (sensible ) Feces
29
What is it called when you lack ADH and what does it cause
Diabetes insipidus, it causes dehydration
30
What can prolonged vomiting and/or diarrhea cause
Dehydration
31
What are signs and symptoms of dehydration
"cottony" oral mucosa, thirst, dry flushed skin, oliguria
32
What is it called when you have reduced urine output but not total absence of urination
Oliguria
33
What is total absence of urination
anuria
34
What can dehydration cause
Hypervolemic shock(loss of water causing decreased blood volume), weight loss, fever, mental confusion, and loss of electrolytes
35
What is an atypical accumulation of INTERSTITIAL FLUID resulting in tissue swelling called
Edema
36
What can edema cause
impair function by increasing distance oxygen and nutrients needs to travel from blood into cell
37
what can cause edema
increased fluid flow out of blood (hydrostatic) or decreased return of fluid to blood (osmotic)
38
What are the 3 main functions of salts
control fluid movements, provide minerals for excitability, and secretory activity
39
What are the 2 ways salts enter the body
Ingestion and metabolism
40
What are the ways salts exit the body
perspiration, urine, feces and vomit
41
Explain in detail the workings of HYPOnatremia
Hyponatremia is when there is a low amount of salt in the ECF which forces ICF to flow outside the cell decreasing the cell volume and the water in the cell due water flowing towards places with the highest solute concentration.
42
What are the causes of HYPOnatremia
Renal failure, vomiting and diarrhea, diuretic use, excessive fluids, low aldosterone
43
What can hyponatremia lead to
It can lead to cellular edema, brainstem herniation, respiratory arrest, death
44
what is hypernatremia
When there is too much sodium in the ECF causing water to flow out of cells
45
What are the causes or hypernatremia
excessive fluid loss, excessive sodium intake/hypertonic fluid intake
46
What happens to cells in hypernatremia
cells lose water
47
What are symptoms of hypernatremia
thirst, twitching, fluid retention/edema, confusion
48
What plays the biggest role in sodium regulation by kidneys
aldosterone
49
what is the main cause of Aldosterone release
Renin Angiotensin aldosterone system which gets triggered when blood volume or pressure is too low`
50
What are the main concerns with potassium concentrations
heart and skeletal muscle
51
What are the causes of hypokalemia
fluid loss due to vomiting, diarrhea, or prolonged diuretic use 1
52
Where is potassium found
In the ICF
53
What happens in terms of muscles during hypokalemia
Decreased amount of K in the ECF mean the resting potential is more negative meaning muscles need more stimulus to fire which causes muscles to be weaker
54
What happens to the heart during hypokalemia
The Na/K pump is affected, causing sodium and calcium to build up in the cells, prolonging the AP, causing ARRHYTHMIA
55
What can cause hyperkalemia
renal failure, tissue damage( burns, trauma, flesh-eating bacteria)
56
What happens to the muscles during hyperkalemia
The membrane potential is raised causing destabilization making cells more excitable cuasing arrhythmias and fibrillation
57
What controls calcium
parathyroid hormone
58
How does PTH work
increases calcium reabsorption in SI and kidneys promotes osteoclasts in bones to break down matrix releasing calcium phosphate into the blood `
59
Why is calcium in the ECF important
It aids in blood clotting, cell membrane permeability, and most importantly, neuromuscular excitability
60
What does hypocalcemia lead to and how
By lowering calcium sodium channels are inhibited less making muscles more excitable, can lead to muscle tetany
61
What is muscle tetany
Rigid state of muscle contraction
62
What is a major concern in hypercalcemia
muscle weakness and cardiac arrest
63
what are the three ways H+ is regulated
buffer system, medulla/respiratory control, renal control
64
What is the buffer in human body
(sodium) bicarbonate (Na)HCO3
65
What is hypercapnia
too much co2 in blood
66
What does the body do to combat too much co2 in blood
faster deeper breathes to exhale more co2 `
67
What is the kidneys main function in regulating pH
Reabsorption of Bicarb in the PCT secreting/excreting H+ ions and acids acids include phosphoric, uric, lactic and keto acids
68
What causes metabolic acidosis
Renal failure, diabetes, alcohol abuse, lactic acid accumulation
69
What causes metabolic alkalosis
Prolonged vomiting and excessive antacid use

Anatomy (8 decks)

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