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PHA223 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 lines of defense?

A
  • Innate immunity
  • Adaptive immunity
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2
Q

Explain the process of innate immunity.

A
  1. Infection - entry of pathogen
  2. Recognition of pathogens by sensors - macrophages
  3. Activation of cells and inflammation
  4. Removal of infectious agents - phagocytosis of pathogen
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3
Q

Explain the process of adaptive immunity.

A
  1. Infection
  2. Stimulation of T and B cells in lymphoid organs
  3. Expansion and training of effector T and B cells.
  4. Migration to infection site
  5. Removal of infectious agent
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4
Q

What is the first line of defence for innate immunity?

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Normal microbiota
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5
Q

What is the second line of defence for innate immunity?

A
  • Natural killer and phagocytic WBCs
  • Inflammation
  • Fever
  • Antimicrobial substances
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6
Q

True or False: Innate immunity does not have memory capacity.

A

True

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7
Q

True or False: Adaptive immunity does not have memory capacity.

A

False. It has memory capacity as it produces antibodies.

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8
Q

Adaptive immunity is the 3rd line of defence for the immune system. What makes up the 3rd line of defence?

A
  • Specialised lymphocytes
  • T and B cells
  • Antibodies
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9
Q

Which immune system is antigen dependent, innate or adaptive?

A

Adaptive.

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of cell digesters?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophil
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11
Q

What are the 2 types of inflammatory cells?

A
  • Basophils
  • Mast cell
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12
Q

What are the 3 types of specialist white blood cells?

A
  • lympohocytes
  • monocytes
  • natural killer cell
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13
Q

What is the simple process of innate immunity?

A
  • Entry of pathogen
  • Recognition by macrophage
  • Phagocytosis of pathogen
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14
Q

What do PAMPs stand for and what are they?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
- Molecular patterns foreign to the human body.

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15
Q

Give some examples of PAMPs.

A
  • Nucleic acids
  • Proteins
  • Cell wall lipids
  • Carbohydrates
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16
Q

Do PAMPs have immune memory?

A

No

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17
Q

What are the 2 extracellular recognition receptors and what do they bind to?

A
  • Toll like receptors (TLR): Bacterial cell wall lipids
  • Lectin: Fungal polysaccharides
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18
Q

What are the 2 cystolic recognition receptors and what do they bind to?

A
  • Nucleotide- binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR): Bacterial peptidoglycans
  • RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs): Viral RNA
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19
Q

What is the endosomal recognition receptor called and what does it bind to?

A

Toll like receptors (TLR): Nucleic acids of ingested microbes.

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20
Q

True or False: PAMPs are only common to one type of pathogen/microbe.

A

False: PAMPs are common to one type of pathogen/microbe.

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21
Q

Innate immunity comprises of which type of receptors?

A

Pattern Recognition receptors.

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22
Q

Acquired immunity comprises of which type of receptors?

A

Lymphocyte Receptors.

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23
Q

In which type of immunity are the receptors germline encoded?

A

Innate immunity.

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24
Q

True or False: In acquired immunity, the immune system produces many antigen-specific receptors in order to recognise a wide range of pathogens.

A

True

25
Q

In innate immunity, do leukocytes express many different receptors or does it have many copies of one receptor?

A

Leukocytes express many different receptors.

26
Q

In acquired immunity, do leukocytes express many different receptors or does it have many copies of one receptor?

A

Each lymphocyte has many copies of one receptor.

27
Q

What do pattern recognition receptors recognise?

A

Key pathogen components.

28
Q

What do lymphocyte receptors recognise?

A

Almost anything.

29
Q

What are the 2 main types of phagocytes?

A

Macrophages and Neutrophils.

30
Q

Which type of phagocyte produces cytokines?

A

Macrophages.

31
Q

What are the 2 ways the innate immune system combats microbes?

A
  • recruit phagocytes that destroy microbes, via inflammation.
  • Block viral replication or killing virus-infected cells.
32
Q

Explain the process on how cytokines are released.

A
  1. Receptor recognises and binds to pathogen OR pathogen enters cell and is detected.
  2. Signal generated leading to the release of cytokines and interferons.
33
Q

What does the release of cytokines cause?

A

Inflammation and activation of the immune system.

34
Q

What type of receptors do cytokines bind to?

A

Cytokine receptors.

35
Q

Explain the process of inflammation.

A
  1. Bacteria/ Pathogens enter wound.
  2. Platelets release blood-clotting proteins at wound.
  3. Mast cells secrete factors which dilate/constrict blood vessels. Increase of blood, plasma, and cells to injured area.
  4. Neutrophils secrete factors that kill and degrade pathogens.
  5. Neutrophils and macrophages remove pathogens by phagocytosis.
  6. Macrophages secret cytokines - attract immune cells to site and activate cells involved in tissue repair.
  7. Inflammatory response continues until foreign material removed and wound is repaired.
36
Q

What are the functions of adaptive immunity?

A
  • recognise foreign antigens.
  • Develop memory cells that can quickly eliminate pathogens in secondary infection.
37
Q

What are the major cells involved in the adaptive immune system?

A
  • Antigen Presenting cells (APCs)
  • Antigen-specific T cells
  • B cells -> plasma cells to produce antibodies.
38
Q

What are the 2 major processes of adaptive immunity?

A
  • Cell mediated response
  • Humoral response
39
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes called?

A

T cells and B cells

40
Q

Where do T cells develop?

A

Develop in bone marrow but mature in Thymus.

41
Q

What are the 3 type of T cells and their functions?

A
  • Helper CD4+ (cytokine factories)
  • Cytotoxic CD8+ (snipers)
  • Regulatory (Anti-inflammatory)
42
Q

Where do B cells develop?

A

Develop in bone marrow.

43
Q

Which type of lymphocytes produce antibodies?

A

B cells.

44
Q

What are the functions of antibodies when they bind to antigens?

A
  • Neutralising (stop function)
  • Labelling (for phagocytosis)
  • Killing
45
Q

What are the 5 types of B cells?

A

IgM, IgE, IgG, IgA, IgD
MEGA D

46
Q

Which type of immunity is the fastest?

A

Innate immunity.

47
Q

T cells receive stimulation from which type of cells?

A

Dendritic cells.

48
Q

B cells receive stimulation from which type of cells?

A

T cells or pattern recognition receptors.

49
Q

What are the 3 types of antigen presenting cells?

A
  • Dendritic cells
  • Macrophages
  • B cells
50
Q

Where do dendritic cells lie?

A

In the immune effector cells.

51
Q

Explain the process of adaptive immunity.

A
  1. Virus infects and replicates within the epithelium.
  2. Dendritic cell activation. Dendritic cells take infection to lymph nodes.
  3. T and B cells are activated. B cells are converted into plasma cells.
  4. Plasma cells produce antibodies. Antibodies and T cells attack viruses and virus-infected cells.
52
Q

What is the nexus point?

A

Where dendritic cells meet B and T lymphocytes.

53
Q

What is the function of CD4 helper T cells?

A

Immune mediators.

54
Q

Which type of T cells produce cytokines?

A

CD4 helper T cells.

55
Q

What are the 2 types of CD4 Helper T cells called and what are their function?

A
  • Th1 cells: Produce cytokines which help phagocytes be more effective.
  • Th2 cells: Produce cytokines which help B cells produce antibodies.
56
Q

What is the function of CD8 cytotoxic cells?

A

Detect and eliminate infected/abnormal cells.

57
Q

What do the granules in cytotoxic T cells contain and what is their function?

A
  • Perforin: Creates holes in the cell membrane of the target cell.
  • Granzymes: enter the cell via these pores and initiate apoptosis.
58
Q

Explain the process of antibody opsonisation.

A
  1. Antibodies bind to antigens on target cell.
  2. Receptors on WBC (natural killer cell) recognise antibody and signal cell to die.
  3. Target cell dies by apoptosis.
59
Q

Which type of antibodies to mast cells produce?

A

IgE antibodies.

PHA223 (3 decks)

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