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Illness and Patho 1 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

0
Q

What are the specific defenses of the first line of immunity?

A

Sloughing off of cells, coughing and sneezing, flushing, vomiting, mucous and cilia

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1
Q

What are the first lines of defense against pathogens?

A

Physical and mechanical barriers like skin and the linings of the GI, GU, and respiratory tracts

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2
Q

What are the biochemical barriers our bodies have against toxins?

A

Synthesized and secreted saliva, tears, ear wax, sweat, mucus, and gastric pH; antimicrobial peptides; and normal bacteria flora

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3
Q

What is the body’s second line of defense against pathogens?

A

Inflammatory response

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4
Q

What causes the inflammatory response?

A

Infection, mechanical damage, ischemia, nutrient deprivation, temperature extremes, and radiation

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5
Q

How does the inflammatory response protect the human body?

A

Neutralizing, elimination, or destroying organisms that invade the internal environment

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6
Q

What is the individual recognition on each of our cells that makes up the unique universal product code for each person?

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

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7
Q

About how many antigens make up the HLAs?

A

40

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8
Q

Provides immediate protection against the effects of tissue injury and foreign proteins

A

Inflammation

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9
Q

What kind of damage can result from excessive inflammatory response?

A

Heart attack, stroke, and other tissue damage

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10
Q

A process that occurs in response to tissue injury and to the invasion of organisms

A

Infection

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11
Q

What generally accompanies infection?

A

Inflammation

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12
Q

Nonspecific ingestion of microorganisms and foreign proteins; kills infection

A

Neutrophils

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13
Q

Ingestion and phagocytosis

A

Macrophages

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14
Q

Releases histamine and heparin with tissue damage

A

Basophils

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15
Q

Why is heparin released with tissue damage?

A

To prevent clot formation and help healing

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16
Q

Weak phagocytic and vasoactive amines during allergic reactions

A

Eosinophils

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17
Q

Immune response of phagocytes, cytotoxic lymphocytes, and cytokines

A

Cell mediated immunity

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18
Q

What kind of lymphocytes does antibody mediated immunity use?

A

B lymphocytes

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19
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

Formation of antibodies

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20
Q

Defense against invading foreign microorganisms

A

IgG

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21
Q

Activation of B cells and circulating antibodies

A

Antibody mediated immunity

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22
Q

Secretory protein on mucous membranes and outer body skin surfaces

A

IgA

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23
Q

Blood group markers that probably stimulate autoimmune diseases and responses

A

IgM

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24
Q

Mediates allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, protects against parasitic infections

A

IgE

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25
Q

Regulates lymphocyte activation and suppression

A

IgD

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26
Q

What is the most common immunoglobulin?

A

IgG

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27
Q

Which immunoglobulin is the first line of defense?

A

IgA

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28
Q

Which lymphocyte is involved in cell mediated immunity?

A

T lymphocytes

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29
Q

What initiates cell mediated immunity?

A

Macrophages

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30
Q

What types of cells can T lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

Helper/inducer, suppressor, and killer cells

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31
Q

Selectively targets non-self cells like viruses, grafts, and transplants

A

T Cells

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32
Q

Non-selectively attacks non-self cells, especially cancer cells

A

Killer T Cells

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33
Q

These cells become sensitive to foreign cells and proteins

A

B Cells

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34
Q

Small protein hormones produced by WBCs like interleukin, TNF and erythropoietin

A

Cytokines

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35
Q

What three components make up immune competence?

A

Cell mediated immunity, antibody mediated immunity, and inflammation

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36
Q

What is the sequence of inflammatory response?

A

Vascular, Cellular Exudates, Tissue Repair and Replacement

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37
Q

What is the purpose of cellular exudates?

A

They take away debris

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38
Q

What changes in the blood vessels occur during inflammation?

A

Constriction, hyperemia, and edema

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39
Q

Clumping of foreign particles to keep them together and expel them

A

Agglutination

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40
Q

What produces antibodies?

A

B lymphocytes

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41
Q

Natural immunity

A

Innate-Native Immunity

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42
Q

Body learns to make or receives antibodies

A

Adaptive immunity

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43
Q

Antigen enters, body makes specific antibody

A

Active immunity

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44
Q

Antigen enters without assistance

A

Natural active Immunity

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45
Q

Vaccination (does not cause disease attenuated)

A

Artificial active immunity

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46
Q

Immunity passed, not created; short acting then destroyed

A

Passive immunity

47
Q

Name examples of natural passive immunity

A

Breast milk, colostrum, or placenta

48
Q

Name some examples of artificial passive immunity

A

Rabies, snake bites, immunoglobulin shots

49
Q

Name examples of Natural Active Immunity

A

Getting the disease

50
Q

Name examples of Artificial Active Immunity

51
Q

What type of immunity is the most effective and longest lasting?

A

Natural Active Immunity

52
Q

Immunity through having the disorder

A

Adaptive Immunity

53
Q

Where are the T cells like natural killer cells and cytokines produced?

A

Thymus Gland

54
Q

Type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system by rejecting tumors and cells infected by viruses

A

Natural Killer Cells

55
Q

How do natural killer cells work?

A

Release small cytoplasmic granules of proteins that are programmed to cause the death of the target cell

56
Q

Why are natural killer cells “natural”?

A

They don’t require any activation in order to kill any cell missing the “self” marker

57
Q

What is the purpose of suppressor cells?

A

To prevent overreaction and hypersensitivity

58
Q

How does cell mediated immunity help to protect the body?

A

Through the ability to differentiate self from non-self and preventing the development of cancer and metastasis after exposure to carcinogens

59
Q

What kind of problems can T cells and NK cells cause?

A

Hyper acute, acute, and chronic organ rejection

60
Q

What drugs are used to prevent transplant rejection?

A

Sandimune, prednisone, prograf, cell cept, and imuran

61
Q

Increased or excessive response to the presence of an antigen to which the patient has been exposed

A

Hypersensitivities

62
Q

Atopic allergy; this is the most common type of hypersensitivity

A

Type 1 Rapid Hypersensitivity Reactions

63
Q

In what ways can allergens be contacted?

A

Inhalation, ingestion, and contact

64
Q

What is the best intervention for allergies?

A

Avoidance therapy

65
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?

A

Feeling of uneasiness, pruritus urticaria, erythema, angioedema of the eyes, lips, or tongue, bronchoconstriciton, congestion, rhinorrhea, and dyspnea

66
Q

What drugs can be used to treat allergies?

A

Decongestants, antihistamines, corticosteriods, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene antagonists, complementary and alternative therapies, and desensitization therapy

67
Q

What are the nursing interventions for a patient with anaphylaxis?

A

Establish airway, epinephrine, antihistamines, oxygen, and fluids

68
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction in which the body makes special autoantibodies directed against self cells that have some form of foreign protein attached to them

A

Type 2 Cytotoxic Reaction

69
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction in which excess antigens cause immune complexes to form in the blood and lodge in small blood vessels

A

Type 3 Immune Complex Reactions

70
Q

What are clinical examples of cytotoxic reactions?

A

Hemolytic anemias, thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic transfusion reactions, Goodpasture’s syndrome, and drug induced hemolytic anemia

71
Q

What can immune complex reactions result in?

A

Inflammation, causing tissue or vessel damage

72
Q

Where do immune complexes generally settle?

A

Kidneys, skin, joints, and small blood vessels

73
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of immune complex reactions?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, and Serum sickness

74
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction in which a local collection of lymphocytes and macrophages cause edema, induration, ischemia, and tissue damage

A

Type 4 Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

75
Q

What is the reactive cell in a type 4 reaction?

A

T Lymphocyte

76
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions?

A

Contact dermatitis, insect stings, tissue transplant rejection, sarcoidosis, and Positive PPDs

77
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction in which excess stimulation of a normal cell surface receptor by an autoantibody results in a continuous “turned-on” state for the cell

A

Type 5 Stimulatory Reaction

78
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of stimulatory reactions?

A

Graves’ disease

79
Q

What is the most common type of allergic reaction?

A

Contact Dermatitis

80
Q

The process whereby a person develops an inappropriate immune response and antibodies and/or lymphocytes are directed against healthy normal cells and tissues

A

Autoimmunity

81
Q

Chronic, progressive, inflammatory connective tissue disorder that can cause major body organs and systems to fail

A

Lupus Erythematosus

82
Q

What is the characteristic symptom of Lupus?

A

Spontaneous remissions and exacerbations

83
Q

In patients with Lupus, what do the autoimmune complexes tend to be attracted to?

A

Glomeruli of the Kidneys

84
Q

What are the two types of Lupus?

A

Dermoid and Systemic

85
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Lupus?

A

Skin involvement (butterfly rash), polyarthritis, osteonecrosis, muscle atrophy, fever and fatigue, renal involvement, pleural effusions, pericarditis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, and neurologic manifestations

86
Q

What is the treatment for Lupus?

A

Prednisone, tylenol or NSAIDs, immunosuppressive agents

87
Q

How is Lupus diagnosed?

A

Skin biopsy, CBC, body system function assessment, and the presence of C-reactive protein

88
Q

Group of problems that often appear with other autoimmune disorders, such as dry eyes, dry mucous membranes of the nose and mouth, vaginal dryness, and insufficient tears

A

Sjogren’s Syndrome

89
Q

How is Sjogren’s Syndrome treated?

A

Can be slowed by suppressing immune and inflammatory responses

90
Q

Autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies are made against the glomerular basement membrane and neutrophils of the lungs and kidneys

A

Goodpasture’s Syndrome

91
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Goodpasture’s Syndrome?

A

SOB, hemoptysis, decreased urine output, weight gain, edema, hypertension, and tachycardia

92
Q

What is the treatment for Goodpasture’s Syndrome?

A

High dose corticosteroids

93
Q

What is the most common secondary immunogenicity disease in the world?

94
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

Single stranded retrovirus

95
Q

What cells should an HIV positive patient watch?

96
Q

What kinds of opportunistic infections occur in HIV positive patients?

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, herpes simplex virus, gastroenteritis, shingles, TB, Kaposi’s Sarcoma, oral yeast infection, and oral “hairy” leukoplakia

97
Q

What is the distinction between HIV and AIDS?

A

The number of CD4 cells and whether any opportunistic infections have occured

98
Q

At what CD4 count is a HIV patient considered to have AIDS?

A

Less than 200

99
Q

What are the clinical categories of HIV?

A

Asymptomatic, Symptomatic by early, and AIDS

100
Q

What is a normal CD4 count?

A

Greater than 650

101
Q

What nursing interventions should be used with an AIDS patient?

A

Reduce risk of infection, mouth care, pressure ulcer care, support group, safe sex, and watch for signs and symptoms of neurologic infections

102
Q

What are the types of drugs prescribed to slow the growth of the HIV virus?

A

Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

103
Q

When are NARTI drugs contraindicated?

A

In patients with abnormal liver function tests

104
Q

What are the screening tools for HIV?

A

Oral fluid, Urine tests, RNA tests, ETA Enzyme Immunoassay tests

105
Q

What kind of drugs inhibit viral replication?

A

Protease Inhibitors

106
Q

What should patients taking protease inhibitors be educated on?

A

Take them with food, may cause dizziness, never stop taking them, may cause low blood pressures

107
Q

What is the window for developing HIV antibodies?

A

25 days usually, but it could take up to 6 months

108
Q

The ability to recognize self versus non-self, which is necessary to prevent healthy body cells from being destroyed along with invaders

A

Self-Tolerance

109
Q

When is immune function most efficient?

A

In 20s-30s

110
Q

What precautions should be used on an HIV positive patient?

111
Q

If a patient is having an allergic response to IV medication, what should you do?

A

Change the tubing and instill normal saline

112
Q

Which monoclonal antibody is being investigated for benefit to patients with severe Sjogren Syndrome?

113
Q

How is Goodpasture’s syndrome treated?

A

Kidney supportive or replacement therapy

114
Q

Who is HIV most prevalent in?

115
Q

What does the HIV virus do to CD4 cells?

A

Removes them from circulation, making the immune system weaker

Illness and Patho 1 (12 decks)

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