Immunology

Question 1

State Differences between Eukaryote vs Prokaryote

Answer 1

Question 2

Structure of Eukaryote vs Prokaryote

Answer 2

Question 3

Name the 4 Major Groups of Human Pathogens

Answer 3

eukaryotes
* Protozoa- single celled animals
* Fungi -higher plant like organisms
prokaryotes
* Bacteria- generally small, single celled
non-living/obligate parasites
* Viruses- very small

Question 4

What colour does a Gram +ve Cell Wall stain and why?

Answer 4

**Purple **
* thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall retains primary Gram stain

Question 5

What colour does a Gram -ve Cell Wall stain and why?

Answer 5

Pink
* outer membrane
* often decorated with LPS
* periplasmic space
* thinner peptidoglycan layer
* allows crystal violet to wash out and are stained by counterstain (pink)

Question 6

4 General features of cell wall

Answer 6

• Rigid layer,
• Barrier
• Repeated polysaccharide structure
• Targets of penicillin

Question 7

What are Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

Answer 7

• AKA Endotoxin (part of outer membrane of cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria)
• Linked to sepsis/septic shock
• Structural role
• Antigen and bacterial toxin
• Antibiotic uptake, inflammation

Question 8

Significance of:
1. Plasma membrane
2. Cell wall
3. Outer membrane & LPS (Gram –ve)
4. Chromosome
5. Ribosome
6. Pili, Fimbriae, & Flagella

Answer 8

1. Sonication & Ethanol
2. Penicillin & Glycopeptides
3. Antibiotic uptake & inflammation
4. Gyrases antibiotic target
5. Protein synthesis inhibitors
6. Attachment, motility, invasion, sex, &
   pathology

Question 9

List the 4 Stages of Bacterial Growth

Answer 9

Question 10

List the 5 requirements for prokaryotic growth

Answer 10

1. Nutrition
2. Temperature
3. Hydrogen Ion Conc (pH)
4. Osmotic protection
5. Oxygen

Question 11

Terms used to describe (low/high/body temp) surviving prokaryotes

Answer 11

• Psycrophiles (low temp)
• Thermophiles (high temp)
• Mesophiles (body temp)

Question 12

Stages of Planktonic Growth

Answer 12

• Multicellularity
• Colony development & differentiation (biofilm formation)
• toxin production
• spore formation

Question 13

List the 7 Linnaean classification of life

Answer 13

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species