Immunology Flashcards
Bacteria
Average size of 0.5-5 micro meters long.
Do not have membrane-bound organelles and so are prokaryotic.
Fungi
Eukaryotic as they have chromosomes contained within the nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Protists
Eukaryotic and mostly unicellular.
Viruses
Neither eukaryotic or prokaryotic so therefore are acellular.
Examples of bacterial diseases
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
TB
Examples of viruses
Common cold
Measles
Mumps
Examples of fungi
Yeast infection
Example of prion
CJD
Example of protists
Malaria
Example of parasites
Toxoplasmosis.
Methods of direct transmission
Skin-to-skin contact
Contaminated surfaces
Sharing of needles
Methods of airborne transmission
Pathogens that are carried by dust or droplets in the air so you inhale infected droplets.
Methods of Indirect transmission
Vehicle transmission occurs when infected food or water is ingested.
Can occur through infected blood or inanimate objects.
Bitten by an infected vector.
How do infectious diseases spread among populations and communities?
Inadequate sanitation - lack of access to clean water for washing.
Inadequate sewage disposal - increases risk of fecal-oral transmission.
Overcrowding
Lack of public health promotion meaning people are less likely to take the necessary precautions needed.
Antigen
A substance that is recognized by the immune system as self or non self and stimulates immune response.
Antibody
Blood protein produced in response to a specific antigen.
Physical barrier to keep pathogens out
Skin
Chemical barriers that keep pathogens out
Mucous membranes
Goblet cells that produce thick, sticky secretions that trap bacteria.
How do mast cells respond to tissue damage?
Secretion of histamine
What do activated T cells bind to?
Non-self antigens on infected cells.
When B cells are activated, what response does this lead to?
Antibody response.
Cell-mediated response
T cells destroys pathogens by destroying infected body cells.
Antibody-mediated response
B cells produce antibodies and the antibodies leads to the destruction of pathogens.
Primary response
Occurs when we are infected by a pathogen and it takes the body 10-17 days to produce antibodies.
Secondary immune response
Occurs when we are infected with the same pathogen after some time so the antibodies are produced in larger amounts rapidly.
