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Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes a disease, damaging the host

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2
Q

What does infectious mean?

A

The disease may be passed from one individual to another

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3
Q

What does carrier mean?

A

A person that shows no symptoms but is infected, and can pass the disease on

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4
Q

What is a disease reservoir?

A

The place where a pathogen is usually found, this may be in humans or another animal

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5
Q

What is an endemic?

A

A disease which is always present at low levels in an area

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6
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

When there is a significant increase in the usual number of cases of a disease in an area

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7
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

An epidemic occurring worldwide or internationally

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8
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Uses non-pathogenic forms, products or antigens of micro-organisms to stimulate an immune response, which confers protection against subsequent infection through memory cells

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9
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Substance produced by microorganisms which affect the growth of bacteria

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10
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

When a microorganism which should be affected by an antibiotic is no longer affected by it

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11
Q

What is a vector?

A

A living organism which transfers a disease from one individual to another

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12
Q

What is a toxin?

A

A chemical produced by a pathogen which causes damage to cells and tissues of the host

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13
Q

What are antigenic types?

A

Organisms with the same or similar antigens on the surface. Such types are sub groups of a microbial species which may be used to trace infections. They are usually identified using antibodies from serum

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14
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A molecule that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it. These may be individual molecules or those on the surface of cells

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15
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein produced by immune cells which bind to a specific antigen

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16
Q

What type of pathogen is cholera?

A

Gram negative bacterium

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17
Q

What type of pathogen is tuberculosis?

A

Gram negative or gram positive bacterium

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18
Q

What type of pathogen is smallpox?

A

Virus

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19
Q

What are some symptoms of cholera?

A

Watery diarrhoea, severe dehydration and frequently death

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20
Q

What are some symptoms of tuberculosis?

A

Coughing, chest pain and coughing up blood

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21
Q

What are some symptoms of smallpox?

A

Rash and blisters. 30-60% fatality rate

22
Q

How is cholera transmitted?

A

Humans act as reservoirs or carriers and can contaminate water supplies with the pathogen, which is then spread by drinking contaminated water

23
Q

How is tuberculosis transmitted?

A

Through droplets from coughing or sneezing

24
Q

How is smallpox transmitted?

A

Airborne droplets from infected individuals

25
Q

How can cholera be prevented?

A

Treatment of waste water, good hygiene and clean drinking water, vaccine

26
Q

How can tuberculosis be prevented?

A

BCG vaccination programme for children

27
Q

How can smallpox be prevented?

A

It is now extinct due to vaccination programmes, as it had a low rate of mutation.

28
Q

How can cholera be treated?

A

Antibiotic treatment is possible, but oral rehydration is the most common method

29
Q

How can tuberculosis be treated?

A

A long course of antibiotics

30
Q

What type of pathogen is influenza?

A

A virus with many antigenic types

31
Q

What type of pathogen is malaria?

A

A protoctist with many antigenic types

32
Q

What are some symptoms of influenza?

A

Sore throat, coughing and fever

33
Q

What are some symptoms of malaria?

A

Fever, flu-like illness, headaches, muscle aches, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea

34
Q

How is influenza transmitted?

A

Airborne droplets through coughing and sneezing

35
Q

How is malaria transmitted?

A

By a vector-female mosquitos

36
Q

How can influenza be prevented?

A

Annual vaccinations, quarantine and hygeine

37
Q

How can malaria be prevented?

A

Nets, clothing, repellent, drug treatment

38
Q

How can influenza be treated?

A

Rest, keep warm, drink fluids and take painkillers

39
Q

How can malaria be treated?

A

Drugs can be taken that affect plasmodium outside of cells, but they have side effects

40
Q

Why are male mosquitos not vectors of malaria?

A

Only female mosquitos drink human blood

41
Q

In what ways can virions leave the host cell?

A

1.Lysis of the host cell
2.Budding from the host cell surface

42
Q

What happens in the lytic cycle?

A

Viruses immediately reproduce using the host’s metabolism to copy their nucleic acid and synthesise new coat protein. These new virions leave in one of two ways

43
Q

What happens in the lysogenic cycle?

A

The viral nucleic acid is integrated into the host cell genome and may remain there for many cell generations with no clinical effect. It may then enter the lytic cycle some time later

44
Q

What are the two modes of action of antibiotics?

A

1.Bacteriostatic-prevent the population growth of bacteria
2.Bactericidal-kill bacteria

45
Q

What are broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

Antibiotics that target both gram negative and positive bacteria

46
Q

What are narrow spectrum antibiotics?

A

Antibiotics that target either gram negative or gram positive bacteria but not both

47
Q

What is the structure of a gram positive bacteria?

A

A layer of peptidoglycan, which consists of polysaccharides cross linked by amino acid side chains

48
Q

What is the structure of a gram negative bacteria?

A

A layer of peptidoglycan, consisting of polysaccharides cross linked with amino acid side chains.
The cell wall is also surrounded by a layer of lipopolysaccharides, which provides protection from some antibiotics

49
Q

What causes antibiotic resistance?

A

1.Mutation
2.Plasmids containing the resistance allele being transferred from one bacterium to another

50
Q

What are some non-specific immune responses?

A

Ciliates mucous membranes, blood clotting, skin, localised inflammation, phagocytosis, skin flora, tear ducts, saliva and stomach

51
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that are responsible for antibody production

Biology (7 decks)

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