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Biomed > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Non-specific responses.

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2
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Specific responses.

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3
Q

1st line of innate immunity.

A

Skin
Mucous membranes and secretions

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4
Q

2nd line of innate immunity.

A

Innate immune cells
Inflammation
Complement

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5
Q

3rd line of adaptive immunity.

A

T cells
B cells
(Lymphocytes)

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6
Q

Humoral response of adaptive immunity.

A

B lymphocytes
Effector cells:
Plasma cells and memory cells

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7
Q

Cellular response of adaptive immunity.

A

T lymphocytes
Effector cells:
T helper cells, memory cells and T cytotoxic cells

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8
Q

Differences between innate and adaptive immunity.

A

Innate:
Fast
Non-specific
No immune memory
Adaptive:
Slow
Specific
Immune memory

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9
Q

Which response is faster and stronger?

A

Secondary

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10
Q

Two types of acquired immunity

A

Naturally acquired immunity and artificially acquired immunity.

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11
Q

Two types of naturally acquired immunity.

A

Active- direct exposure to pathogens
Passive- maternal antibodies passed via the placenta

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12
Q

Two types of artificially acquired immunity.

A

Active vaccination
Passive- administration of immune serum

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13
Q

Where to T cell progenitor cells coriginate?

A

Bone marrow.

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14
Q

Where do T cell progenitor cells mature?

A

Thymus.

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15
Q

What is the order of maturation of lymphocytes?

A

T progenitor cell
Thymus
Mature T cells
Circulation
Peripheral lymphoid organs

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16
Q

Why do T cells have self tolerance unresponsiveness to self-antigens?

A

Prevent autoimmune reactions.

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17
Q

What is central tolerance?

A

Elimination of auto reactive immature T cells.

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18
Q

What is peripheral tolerance?

A

Elimination of auto reactive mature T cells.

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19
Q

What are T helper cells also referred to as?

A

CD4+ cells.

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20
Q

What are T cytotoxic cells as referred to as?

A

CD8+ cells.

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21
Q

Requirements for T cell activation

A

Antigen presented as peptides
APCs using MHC molecules
Co-stimulators on the APCs
Cytokines

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22
Q

What are co-stimulators?

A

Things that are required for T cell activation in addition to the antigen

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23
Q

Function of T helper cells

A

Co-ordinate the immune response

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24
Q

Types of T helper cells

A

Treg
Th1
Th2
Th17

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25
Q

What do native cell differentiate into?

A

Different types of T helper cells

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26
Q

What are T helper cells dependent on?

A

The type of cytokine secreted by the APC and other immune cells at the time

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27
Q

What do Treg cells do?

A

Regulate the immune response
Anti inflammatory
Inhibit M1 and promotes M2
Inhibit activation of neutrophils
Promotes angiogenesis

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28
Q

What are Th1 and Th17?

A

Pro-inflammatory

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29
Q

What do Th2 do?

A

Promote M2 polarisation

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30
Q

What are M1 macrophage?

A

Pro-inflammatory so cause tissue damage

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31
Q

What are M2 macrophages?

A

Anti-inflammatory so cause tissue repair

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32
Q

What what are 2 major types of MHC protein molecules?

A

Class 1 MHC molecules
Class 2 MHC molecules

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33
Q

Where are class 1 MHC molecules found?

A

On every nucleated cell in an organism

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34
Q

Where are class 2 MHC molecules found?

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

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35
Q

What do MHC1 cells present peptides to?

A

T cytotoxic cells

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36
Q

What do MHC2 present peptides to?

A

T helper cells

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37
Q

What are the functions of cytotoxic T cells?

A

Kill target cells bearing specific antigen while sparing neighbouring uninflected cells

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38
Q

Properties of memory T cells

A

Specific for antigen
Persist for years
Respond more rapidly to specific antigen stimulation than naive cells
Express increased levels of anti-apoptotic proteins

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39
Q

What do B lymphocytes on activation differentiate into?

A

Plasma cells

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40
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells

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41
Q

What do blood cells originate from?

A

Hematopoietic cell

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42
Q

What is the role of antigen presenting cells?

A

To present antigens to the cells of the adaptive immune response

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43
Q

What does innate immune cells recognise antigens using?

A

Pathogen Recognition Receptors present on/in the cells

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44
Q

What do T cells arise from?

A

Lymphoid progenitor cells

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45
Q

Where do neutrophils arise from?

A

Myeloid progenitor cells

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46
Q

What do B lymphocytes leave the bone marrow as?

A

Immature cells

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47
Q

Where do B lymphocytes complete their development?

A

Peripheral lymphoid organ

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48
Q

Can an individual gain active acquired immunity from maternal antibodies?

A

No

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49
Q

What do vaccines with live/killed micro-organisms provide?

A

Active artificially acquired immunity

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50
Q

What does the lymph have a composition similar to?

A

Interstitial fluid

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51
Q

What body part in a component of the peripheral lymphoid organs?

A

Tonsils

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52
Q

What are naive T cells?

A

Mature cells that haven’t been exposed to antigens

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53
Q

How do T helper cells co-ordinate the immune response?

A

Activating macrophages
Helping in B cells activation
Secreting specific cytokines

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54
Q

What is required for a T cell to be required?

A

Antigen presented by APCs
Co-stimulators
Antigenic peptides presented on MHC molecules

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55
Q

What are the cells of the innate immune response responsible for antigen presentation?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

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56
Q

When does receptor editing occur?

A

During B cell tolerance

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57
Q

What is responsible for antigen recognition on B cells?

A

B cell receptors

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58
Q

Which immunoglobulin molecules is B-cell receptor composed of?

A

IgM and IgD

59
Q

What is MHC independent?

A

B cell antigen recognition

60
Q

Can B lymphocytes can recognise extracellular intact antigen?

A

Yes

61
Q

What are epitopes in intact foreign material recognised by?

A

B cells

62
Q

What are process protein peptides recognised by?

A

T cells

63
Q

What is the immune response that targets intracellular pathogens?

A

Cellular

64
Q

What is the immune response that targets extracellular pathogens?

A

Humoral

65
Q

What can each B cell receptor bind to?

A

2 antigenic determinants

66
Q

What can each T cell receptor bind to?

A

1 antigenic peptide

67
Q

What is class switching?

A

The ability of an activated B cell to change the antibody isotope secreted

68
Q

What is the general name for the inactive form on an enzyme?

A

Zymogen

69
Q

What do complement proteins belong to?

A

Innate immune response

70
Q

What do the complement proteins result in the formation of?

A

Membrane attack complex

71
Q

What do complement proteins do?

A

Lyse pathogen infected cells
Act as opsonins
Encourage phagocytosis

72
Q

What is the classical pathway initiated by?

A

The C1 protein of the complement pathway in response to antigens

73
Q

What can complement protein bind to?

A

Antigens
Antigen-antibody complex
Mannose residues on pathogens

74
Q

How many major pathways of complement activation are there?

A

3

75
Q

What does obligate virus refer to?

A

A virus that requires a living host to replicate

76
Q

What is a virus typically made of?

A

Protein coat and nucleic acid

77
Q

What is the viral envelope primarily made of?

A

Lipid

78
Q

What can the viral nucleic acid be structured as?

A

Single stranded
Double stranded
Linear
Circular

79
Q

What is herpes simplex virus 1 described as?

A

Double stranded linear

80
Q

What can viruses be classified by?

A

Genome structure
Type of mRNA
Viral hosts

81
Q

What is the Baltimore Classification of viruses based on?

A

The mode of mRNA production

82
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that infect bacteria

83
Q

What is the natural host of T4 bacteriophage?

A

E.coli

84
Q

What is a characteristic feature of the lysogenic viral infection cycle?

A

The prophase stage

85
Q

What type of viral infection is Lambda phage capable of?

A

Lyric and lysogenic

86
Q

What is zoonoses?

A

An infection that is transferred from animals to human

87
Q

What is a vector?

A

An organism that transmits a disease

88
Q

What is the transmission of a viral infection through infected surfaces of objects be categorised as?

A

Indirect mode of transmission

89
Q

What is election microscopy?

A

A technique used to identify a virus based on its morphology

90
Q

What is Zia virus transmitted by?

A

Vector mediated transmission

91
Q

What are retroviruses?

A

Group of RNA viruses which insert a DNA copy of their genome onto the host cell in order to replicate

92
Q

What is HIV?

A

Retrovirus

93
Q

What can be used to treat viral infections?

A

Antivirals and antiserum

94
Q

What are the main stages in B cell development?

A

Stem cells>pre-B cell>immature naive B cell>mature naive B cell

95
Q

What is the maturation of B lymphocytes?

A

B progenitor cell>immature B cell>circulation>peripheral lymphoid organs>mature B cells

96
Q

What are epitopes composed of?

A

Adjacent amino acid strings at different points

97
Q

What do T independent activation cells result in?

A

Short lived plasma cells secreting IgM

98
Q

What do T dependent activation cells result in?

A

Long lived plasma cells secreting high affinity IgG, IgA and IgE

99
Q

What happens in T independent activation?

A

B lymphocyte activation>clonal expansion>differentiation>plasma cells

100
Q

What is an advantage of T dependent B cell activation?

A

Ability to class switch

101
Q

What is class switching?

A

Changing the constant regions of the heavy chains

102
Q

What are polyclonal antibodies?

A

Immunochemically dissimilar antibodies that react with different epitopes of an antigen

103
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Immunochemically identical antibodies that react with the same epitope of an antigen

104
Q

What is the complement enzyme cascade?

A

A complex system of proteins that acts as a cascade with each protein reacting in sequence once the system has been activated

105
Q

What are functions of the complement system?

A

Complement the functions of other immune cells

106
Q

What is MBL?

A

Mannose binding lectin

107
Q

What does MBL do?

A

Binds to mannose residues on pathogen surfaces

108
Q

What is opsonin?

A

A substance which binds to pathogens making them more susceptible to phagocytosis

109
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

A process by which a pathogen is marked of ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte

110
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

Protects body from invading microorganisms

111
Q

What is smallpox caused by?

A

Variola major virus

112
Q

Why can we eradicate the small pox?

A

No animal reservoir
Lifelong immunity
Subclinical cases rare
Effective vaccine
Major commitment by governments

113
Q

Who proved the theory of disease and invented the process of pasteurisation?

A

Louis Pasteur

114
Q

Who discovered tuberculosis?

A

Robert Koch

115
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Fatty acids and lactic acid which lowers pH of skin to 4-6

116
Q

Why does normal microbial flora of skin/mucous surfaces inhibit colonisation by pathogens?

A

They secret anti microbials
Good at obtaining nutrients
Alter environmental conditions

117
Q

What do body fluids contain?

A

Bacteriocidal substance

118
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus
Bone marrow

119
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

Site of generation or all circulating blood cells
Site of differentiation and maturation of white blood cells
Site of immune response of B cells
Site of B cell maturation

120
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Adenoids
Tonsils
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Peyer’s patches
Appendix

121
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Contain high concentrations of leukocytes that filter out microbes and toxins

122
Q

Structure of lymph nodes

A

Outer cortex filled with lymph follicles
Inner medulla

123
Q

What is lymphatic filariasis?

A

Infected lymphatic system

124
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Filters out older red blood cells
Responds to antigens in circulatory system
Produces activated B cells
Stores platelets

125
Q

What are functions of monocytes/macrophages?

A

Destroy bacteria by phagocytosis
Activate other immune functions
Phagocytise apoptotic cells

126
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Type of granulocytic white blood cells

127
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

First responders of inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation

128
Q

Structure of neutrophils

A

Dense nucleus consisting of 2-5 lobes
Irregular outline
Pale cytoplasm containing fine pink/grey-blue granules

129
Q

What is an eosinophil?

A

Make up 1.5% of the total number of white cells

130
Q

What are mast cells?

A

React immediately when allergenic substance enters the body

131
Q

Types of white blood cells

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Macrophage
Dendritic cells

132
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

Specialised white blood cells that help fight off foreign substances that enter the body

133
Q

What is an antibody?

A

An immunoglobulin secreted by cells after activation by an antigen

134
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance capable of binding specifically to an antibody resulting in an immune response

135
Q

What is the variable region?

A

Antigen binding region

136
Q

What are light chains divided into?

A

K or I consisting of about 230 residues

137
Q

What are heavy chains

A

µ,δ, γ, α, ε consisting of 450-600 amino acids

138
Q

What are the 5 major classes of immunoglobulin molecules?

A

IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, IgE

139
Q

What is IgG?

A

Most abundant in serum
Plays an important role protecting the foetus
2 heavy and 2 light chains
4 subclasses

140
Q

What is IgM?

A

5-10% in serum
Primary response to antigen
10 heavy and 10 light chains

141
Q

What is IgA?

A

10-15% in serum
External secretions
Found in breast milk

142
Q

What is IgE?

A

Lowest concentration in serum
Very potent
Mediate hypersensitivity reactions

143
Q

What is IgD?

A

0.2% in serum
Membrane receptor on B lymphocytes

Biomed (3 decks)

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