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Transition Block > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

An organised collection of activated macrophages and lymphocytes.

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2
Q

What are differential causes of Lung Granuloma?

A
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Mycobacterial Disease e.g. TB, Leprosy.
  • Leprosy
  • Berylliosis, Silicosis and other dust diseases.
  • Chronic stage of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
  • Foreign bodies.
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3
Q

in the formation of a granuloma, what cells get activated in response to the stimulus?

A

T-Lymphocytes and Macrophages

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4
Q

Why does a Granuloma occur?

A

When the stimulus is failed to be removed it results in persistent production of activated cytokines, causing the collection of persistently activated cells in the granuloma.

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5
Q

What are some common Primary antibody deficiencies?

A

Common Variable Immune Deficiency (CVID)
- Low IgG, IgA and IgM
- Cause mostly unknown
- Often associated with autoimmune disease.
- Recurrent bacterial infections, esp. Respiratory.

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6
Q

What is Selective IgA deficiency?

A

Another Common cause of Primary Antibody Deficiency.

Its very common (1:600)
- 2/3rds of individuals are asymptomatic.
1/3rd have recurrent resp tract infections.

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7
Q

What is Bruton’s Agammaglobunaemia?

A

A Primary Antibody deficiency where there are no B-cells.
(Rare)

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8
Q

What are some Secondary Causes of Antibody Deficiency?

A
  • Protein loss (nephrotic syndrome etc..)
  • Failure of protein synthesis (lymphoproliferative disease CLL, Myeloma, NHL)
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9
Q

What is the name for the 3 pathways in the complement system for activation of C3?

A
  • The Alternative pathway
  • The Lectin Pathway
  • The Classical Pathway
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10
Q

What is “Complement”?

A

Proteins constantly secreted by the liver to act as a “sticky coat” for intruders in order to turbo boost immediate immune defence.

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11
Q

What does the Classical Pathway involve to start it?

A

The binding of Antibodies to Antigens (IgG, IgM)

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12
Q

What does a complement deficiency predispose to?

A

Bacterial infection (esp. Meningitis)

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13
Q

What effect does C3b Have on Macrophages?

A

Opsonization - Better eating of bugs by pahgocytosis.

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14
Q

What Does the C5 / C5b Pathway do to induce killing of cells?

A

Direct Lysis by punching holes in bacteria.

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15
Q

What are the functions of C3a and C5a?

A

Chemotaxis - calling in the troops.

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16
Q

Which cells do Natural Killer cells target?

A

Cells that lack MHC molecules on their surface.

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17
Q

Are natural killer cells part of the innate or adaptive immune system?

A

Innate

18
Q

What are TLR’s and what cells express them?

A

Toll-Like Receptors expressed on phagocytes and dendrites.

19
Q

What do Toll-Like Receptors respond to?

A

PAMPS - Pathogen Associated molecular patterns.

20
Q

What do TLRs do?

A

Act as a built-in burglar alarm for microbes and when activated they secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and type 1 interferon.

21
Q

What does TNF-Alpha do?

A

It acts as an immediate early signal in response to many stressors (microbes, stress, chemicals etc..)

22
Q

What Do TNF-Inhibitors block?

A

The Pro-inflammatory cytokines which would be released by TNF-Alpha.

23
Q

What type of Drugs are TNF-Targeting therapies?

A

Biologics

24
Q

What are Biologic drugs?

A

Most Are artificial antibodies that block the bodies own proteins.

25
Q

What is Passive Immunisation?

A

a method of providing temporary immunity to individuals by administering pre-formed antibodies rather than stimulating the individual’s immune system to produce its own antibodies, as occurs in active immunisation (vaccination).

26
Q

Do Biologics have any general renal or hepatic toxicity?

A

No as they are normal proteins so their metabolism is not dependant on the Liver or Renal system.

27
Q

What is one complication of Biologic drugs?

A

They are foreign proteins so the immune system can form antibodies against them.

28
Q

What is the molecular target of the drug Adalimumab?

A

ANTI-TNF
- Causes an Anti-Inflammatory effect.

29
Q

What is the molecular target of the drug Pembrolizumab?

A

Anti-PD1
- Activated T cells
- Used in cancer.

30
Q

What is the molecular target of Secukinumab?

A

Anti-Interleukin 17
- Blocks ONE inflammation pathway
- Used in psoriasis, Arthritis.

31
Q

What are some types of Transplant Rejection?

A
  • Hyperacute Rejection (minutes to hours)
  • Acute cellular rejection (5-30 days)
  • Acute Vascular rejection (5-30 days)
  • Chronic Allograft Failure (>30 days)
32
Q

Which types of Transplant rejections are treated with immunosuppression?

A
  • Acute Cellular Rejection
  • Acute Vascular Rejection
33
Q

What are the two types in which Immunisation generates “Memory”?

A
  • Active immunisation (either live attenuated or inactivated)
  • Passive Immunisation
34
Q

What is the goal of vaccination?

A

To produce memory in B cells and T cells.

  • Long lived Memory B cells are generated during primary immune responses.
  • They then rapidly re-activate in response to a second encounter w that specific antigen.
35
Q

How does Vaccination make memory T cells?

A

Introduction of the Antigen stimulates rare naive T cells.
Some become effector T cells,
(most die by apoptosis but a smaller number become memory T cells)

36
Q

What are the 5 different types of vaccines?

A
  • Inactivated
  • Live attenuated
  • RNA vaccines
  • DNA vaccines
  • Virus like particle vaccines
37
Q

What are some Pros and Cons of Inactivated vaccines?

A

Pros
- Quick / Easy / Safe

Cons
- Not very potent
- Require multiple injections

38
Q

What are some Pros and Cons of Live attenuated vaccines?

A

Pros
- All relevant effector mechanisms elicited (antibody ant activated T cells)
- Strong response

Disadvantages
- not super safe (may cause infection in immunocompromised host)
- fragile - must be stored and handles carefully.

39
Q

What type of vaccine is the MMR vaccine?

A

A live attenuated Vaccine

so is chickenpox

40
Q

What are some pros and cons of DNA/RNA viruses?

A

Pros
- can be very potent
- easy to make
- Can be applied to target mutated proteins found in cancer.

Cons
- may require complex cold-chain
- so far no long-term experience

41
Q

What are Virus like particle (VLP) vaccines

A

Empty shells (“capsids”) made from viruses that look like the real virus but have no DNA/RNA

42
Q

What are some pros and cons of VLP vaccines?

A

Pros
- Non-infectious
- very potent (only require one dose)
- Activates both T and B cell.

Cons
- Complex manufacture
- Fragile (must be stored and handled w care i.e. depends on cold chain)

Transition Block (4 decks)

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