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Biology Unit 4 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define pathogenic

A

Organism that causes damage to its host

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2
Q

Infectious

A

A disease that can be transmitted from one individual to another

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3
Q

Define disease resevoir

A

Where a disease is normally found

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4
Q

Define endemic

A

A disease that is always present at low/predictable levels in an area

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5
Q

Define epidemic

A

A significant increase in the usual number of cases of a disease often associated with a rapid spread

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6
Q

Define pandemic

A

An epidemic occuring worldwide/very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people

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7
Q

Define antibiotics

A

A chemical produced by a microorganism that is able to inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms. They are effective even at low concentrations and those used medically affect bacterial metabolism but do not interfere with host cell metabolism

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8
Q

Define bactericidal

A

An antibiotic, such as penicillin, that will kill bacteria

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9
Q

Define bacteriostatic

A

An antibiotic, such as tetracycline, that will prevent/inhibit bacterial growth

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10
Q

Define broad spectrum antibiotics

A

Antibiotics that are effective against many bacterial species

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11
Q

Define narrow spectrum antibiotics

A

Antibiotics that are effective against a few bacterial species

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12
Q

Define antigen

A

Typically a protein/glycoprotein, any part of an organism recognised as non-self by the immune system stimulating an immune response. Toxins also act as antigens

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13
Q

Define cell-mediated response

A

Activation of macrophages, B cells, T cells as a result of an antigen in/on a host cell

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14
Q

T memory cells

A

Remain dormant in the circulation and divide to form more T cells if the same antigen is encountered in the future (long lasting immunity)

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15
Q

Define T helper lymphocytes

A

Detect antigens and release cytokinesis

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16
Q

Define T cytotoxic cells

A

Kill body cells that are infected with the pathogen and therefore displaying pathogenic antigens by causing lysis

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17
Q

Define cytokines

A

Chemicals released by T helper cells which activate T cytotoxic cells and B cells and stimulate macrophages to engulf pathogens

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18
Q

Define vaccination

A

Introduction of a substance into the body that is designed to cause stimulation of active immunity against a particular disease without causing infection

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19
Q

Give the organism type of cholera

A

Gram negative bacteria, comma shaped

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20
Q

Give the pathogen for cholera

A

Vibrios cholerae

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21
Q

Give the prevalence of cholera

A

Endemic (south East Asia and Africa)

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22
Q

Give the transmission mode of cholera

A

1) Human reservoir, flies, contaminated food/water
2) faecal oral route

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23
Q

Give the affected tissue of cholera

A

SMALL INTESTINE
1) V. cholera produces toxin
2) toxin affects CFTR chloride channel protein in small intestine
3) Cl-, Na+, K+, HCO3- are lost in intestinal lumen
4) lower water potential in lumen
5) water leaves cell and enters lumen by osmosis

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24
Q

Give the symptoms of cholera

A

Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration, leg cramps, reduced blood pressure, death

25
Q

Give the prevention methods for cholera

A

Proper sanitation (wash hands, food, and clean surfaces), cover food, boil water, don’t urinate/deficate near water sources

26
Q

Give the antigenic types of cholera

A

Many (100 serogroups), only 2 cause cholera

27
Q

Give the treatment for cholera

A

Oral rehydration therapy and electrolyte replacement, sometimes antibiots, intravenous injection of Hartmanns solution if severe

28
Q

Give the organism type for smallpox

A

DNA virus

29
Q

Give the pathogen for smallpox

A

Variola major

30
Q

Give the prevalence of smallpox

A

Eradicated

31
Q

Give the transmission mode for smallpox

A

Highly contagious by inhalation, saliva, and body fluids in close face to face contact. Also spread through contaminated clothes/bed sheets

32
Q

Give the affected tissue for smallpox

A

Enters the blood and travels to internal organs before re-entering the blood and spreading to the skin giving a rash

33
Q

Give the symptoms of smallpox

A

Skin rash and fluid filled blisters

34
Q

Give prevention methods for smallpox

A

Quarantine, vaccination (live virus)

35
Q

Give the antigenic types of smallpox

A

One

36
Q

Give treatment methods for smallpox

A

Tranvenous fluids/medicine to treat fever and pain. Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections

37
Q

Give the organism type of malaria

A

Protoctistan parasite

38
Q

Give the pathogen for malaria

A

Plasmodium (e.g. falciparum, vivax)
Only the females as males fees on nectar

39
Q

Give the prevalence of malaria

A

Endemic in subtropical regions

40
Q

Give the transmission mode of malaria

A

Bite of female Anopheles mosquito (vector), Plasmodium transported into blood by saliva.
An uninfected mosquito becomes infected by feeding on an infected human

41
Q

Give the prevention for malaria

A

Fish eat the larva, oil on water (suffocation), insecticides, drain/cover still water, Wolbachia (blocks plasmodium development in mosquitoes), X-irradiating male mosquitoes to sterilise them

42
Q

Give the antigenic types of malaria

A

Many

43
Q

Give the treatment for malaria

A

Antimalarial drugs

44
Q

Give the organism type for tuberculosis

A

Bacteria (baccilus)

45
Q

Give the pathogen type for tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

46
Q

Give the prevalence for tuberculosis

A

Variable (currently endemic, sometimes epidemic)

47
Q

Give the transmission mode of tuberculosis

A

Droplet infection (saliva/mucus spread by coughing/sneezing)

48
Q

Give the affected tissue of tuberculosis

A

Mostly lungs and lymph nodes in neck
Also glands, bones, nervous system

49
Q

Give the symptoms of tuberculosis

A

Coughing (blood), Chet’s pain, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, fever, chills, loss of appetite

50
Q

Give the prevention of tuberculosis

A

BCG vaccine (attenuated Mycobacterium bovis)

51
Q

Give the antigenic types for tuberculosis

A

Many

52
Q

Give the treatment for tuberculosis

A

Long course treatment of many different antibiotics

53
Q

Give the organism type of influenza

A

Virus, RNA

54
Q

Give the transmission mode of the flu

A

Droplet infection, mucus protects it

55
Q

Give the affected tissue of the flu

A

(upper) respiratory tract

56
Q

Give the symptoms of the flu

A

Soar throat, coughing, fever, runny nose, aches, headaches, fatigue

57
Q

Give the prevention of the flu

A

Quarantine, hygiene, clean surfaces, bin tissues, annual vaccine

58
Q

Give the antigenic types of the flu

A

Many due to high mutation rate

59
Q

Give the treatment of the flu

A

NOT antibiotics, trate symptoms only: rest, warmth, fluids, painkillers for fever and pain

Biology Unit 4 (6 decks)

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