Immunology

Question 1

Define pathogenic

Answer 1

Organism that causes damage to its host

Question 2

Infectious

Answer 2

A disease that can be transmitted from one individual to another

Question 3

Define disease resevoir

Answer 3

Where a disease is normally found

Question 4

Define endemic

Answer 4

A disease that is always present at low/predictable levels in an area

Question 5

Define epidemic

Answer 5

A significant increase in the usual number of cases of a disease often associated with a rapid spread

Question 6

Define pandemic

Answer 6

An epidemic occuring worldwide/very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people

Question 7

Define antibiotics

Answer 7

A chemical produced by a microorganism that is able to inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms. They are effective even at low concentrations and those used medically affect bacterial metabolism but do not interfere with host cell metabolism

Question 8

Define bactericidal

Answer 8

An antibiotic, such as penicillin, that will kill bacteria

Question 9

Define bacteriostatic

Answer 9

An antibiotic, such as tetracycline, that will prevent/inhibit bacterial growth

Question 10

Define broad spectrum antibiotics

Answer 10

Antibiotics that are effective against many bacterial species

Question 11

Define narrow spectrum antibiotics

Answer 11

Antibiotics that are effective against a few bacterial species

Question 12

Define antigen

Answer 12

Typically a protein/glycoprotein, any part of an organism recognised as non-self by the immune system stimulating an immune response. Toxins also act as antigens

Question 13

Define cell-mediated response

Answer 13

Activation of macrophages, B cells, T cells as a result of an antigen in/on a host cell

Question 14

T memory cells

Answer 14

Remain dormant in the circulation and divide to form more T cells if the same antigen is encountered in the future (long lasting immunity)

Question 15

Define T helper lymphocytes

Answer 15

Detect antigens and release cytokinesis

Question 16

Define T cytotoxic cells

Answer 16

Kill body cells that are infected with the pathogen and therefore displaying pathogenic antigens by causing lysis

Question 17

Define cytokines

Answer 17

Chemicals released by T helper cells which activate T cytotoxic cells and B cells and stimulate macrophages to engulf pathogens

Question 18

Define vaccination

Answer 18

Introduction of a substance into the body that is designed to cause stimulation of active immunity against a particular disease without causing infection

Question 19

Give the organism type of cholera

Answer 19

Gram negative bacteria, comma shaped

Question 20

Give the pathogen for cholera

Answer 20

Vibrios cholerae

Question 21

Give the prevalence of cholera

Answer 21

Endemic (south East Asia and Africa)

Question 22

Give the transmission mode of cholera

Answer 22

1) Human reservoir, flies, contaminated food/water
2) faecal oral route

Question 23

Give the affected tissue of cholera

Answer 23

SMALL INTESTINE
1) V. cholera produces toxin
2) toxin affects CFTR chloride channel protein in small intestine
3) Cl-, Na+, K+, HCO3- are lost in intestinal lumen
4) lower water potential in lumen
5) water leaves cell and enters lumen by osmosis

Question 24

Give the symptoms of cholera

Answer 24

Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration, leg cramps, reduced blood pressure, death

Question 25

Give the prevention methods for cholera

Answer 25

Proper sanitation (wash hands, food, and clean surfaces), cover food, boil water, don't urinate/deficate near water sources

Question 26

Give the antigenic types of cholera

Answer 26

Many (100 serogroups), only 2 cause cholera

Question 27

Give the treatment for cholera

Answer 27

Oral rehydration therapy and electrolyte replacement, sometimes antibiots, intravenous injection of Hartmanns solution if severe

Question 28

Give the organism type for smallpox

Answer 28

DNA virus

Question 29

Give the pathogen for smallpox

Answer 29

Variola major

Question 30

Give the prevalence of smallpox

Answer 30

Eradicated

Question 31

Give the transmission mode for smallpox

Answer 31

Highly contagious by inhalation, saliva, and body fluids in close face to face contact. Also spread through contaminated clothes/bed sheets

Question 32

Give the affected tissue for smallpox

Answer 32

Enters the blood and travels to internal organs before re-entering the blood and spreading to the skin giving a rash

Question 33

Give the symptoms of smallpox

Answer 33

Skin rash and fluid filled blisters

Question 34

Give prevention methods for smallpox

Answer 34

Quarantine, vaccination (live virus)

Question 35

Give the antigenic types of smallpox

Answer 35

One

Question 36

Give treatment methods for smallpox

Answer 36

Tranvenous fluids/medicine to treat fever and pain. Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections

Question 37

Give the organism type of malaria

Answer 37

Protoctistan parasite

Question 38

Give the pathogen for malaria

Answer 38

Plasmodium (e.g. falciparum, vivax) Only the females as males fees on nectar

Question 39

Give the prevalence of malaria

Answer 39

Endemic in subtropical regions

Question 40

Give the transmission mode of malaria

Answer 40

Bite of female Anopheles mosquito (vector), Plasmodium transported into blood by saliva. An uninfected mosquito becomes infected by feeding on an infected human

Question 41

Give the prevention for malaria

Answer 41

Fish eat the larva, oil on water (suffocation), insecticides, drain/cover still water, Wolbachia (blocks plasmodium development in mosquitoes), X-irradiating male mosquitoes to sterilise them

Question 42

Give the antigenic types of malaria

Answer 42

Many

Question 43

Give the treatment for malaria

Answer 43

Antimalarial drugs

Question 44

Give the organism type for tuberculosis

Answer 44

Bacteria (baccilus)

Question 45

Give the pathogen type for tuberculosis

Answer 45

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 46

Give the prevalence for tuberculosis

Answer 46

Variable (currently endemic, sometimes epidemic)

Question 47

Give the transmission mode of tuberculosis

Answer 47

Droplet infection (saliva/mucus spread by coughing/sneezing)

Question 48

Give the affected tissue of tuberculosis

Answer 48

Mostly lungs and lymph nodes in neck Also glands, bones, nervous system

Question 49

Give the symptoms of tuberculosis

Answer 49

Coughing (blood), Chet's pain, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, fever, chills, loss of appetite

Question 50

Give the prevention of tuberculosis

Answer 50

BCG vaccine (attenuated Mycobacterium bovis)

Question 51

Give the antigenic types for tuberculosis

Answer 51

Many

Question 52

Give the treatment for tuberculosis

Answer 52

Long course treatment of many different antibiotics

Question 53

Give the organism type of influenza

Answer 53

Virus, RNA

Question 54

Give the transmission mode of the flu

Answer 54

Droplet infection, mucus protects it

Question 55

Give the affected tissue of the flu

Answer 55

(upper) respiratory tract

Question 56

Give the symptoms of the flu

Answer 56

Soar throat, coughing, fever, runny nose, aches, headaches, fatigue

Question 57

Give the prevention of the flu

Answer 57

Quarantine, hygiene, clean surfaces, bin tissues, annual vaccine

Question 58

Give the antigenic types of the flu

Answer 58

Many due to high mutation rate

Question 59

Give the treatment of the flu

Answer 59

NOT antibiotics, trate symptoms only: rest, warmth, fluids, painkillers for fever and pain