Immunology Flashcards
Define immune system
A system of cells and tissues that attacks, recognises, and destroys foreign substances that endangers one’s health
Why are humans described as super organisms
They have an internal ecosystem of diverse symbiotic microbiota and viruses
Pathogens
Microorganisms external to the human host that produce diseases
Pathobionts
Pathogens that stay within the host microbiome
Example of pathogens
[6]
Helminths
Fungi
Protozoa
Bacteria
Viruses
Prions
2 categories of pathogens
Extracellular
Intracellular
Extracellular pathogens
Microorganisms that stay in tissue and don’t need to enter host cell to replicate
Intracellular pathogens
Microorganisms that need to enter host cell to be replicated
2 types of intracellular pathogens
Obligate
Facultative
Obligate
Stay inside host cell and can’t replicate outside of host cell
Facultative
Live in host cell
Can replicate without host cell
Pathogenicity
2 types of immune response
Innate
Adaptive
Innate immune system
The initial response to pathogens
Adaptive immune response
After the innate response is unable to block the spread
3 components of an effective immune system
RDC
Recognition system
Disposal system
Communication system
Recognition system
Helps identify the presence of invader
Importance of a Disposal system
To kill or eliminate threat
Importance of a communication system
Return body to previous conditions
Compare the evolutionary origins of innate and adaptive immunity
Innate - invertebrates and vertebrates [present before birth]
Vertebrates - vertebrates
Compare the blood cell type of innate and adaptive immunity
Innate - phagocytes
Adaptive - lymphocytes
Compare the specificity of recognition of innate and adaptive immunity
Innate - non specific
Adaptive - high
Compare the speed of action of innate and adaptive immunity
Innate - rapid
Adaptive - slow
Does innate immunity develop memory Cells
NO
Does adaptive immunity develop memory Cells
YES
Types of innate immunity
[2]
Non induced
Induced
Non induced innate mechanisms
Mediated by physical barriers
Induced innate mechanism
Mediated by complement and leukocytes
2 components of pathogen recognition
1st element - in pathogen
2nd element - in host cell
PAMPs
Molecular configuration in pathogens
PRMs
Host structure that recognises PAMPs
PRRs
PRMs found in leukocytes or in cytoplasm
Order of immune system
Barrier
Innate
Adaptive
Example of Barrier immunity
Respiratory epithelium
GI epithelium
Nose
Pharynx
Example of cells innate immunity
Neutrophils
Mast cells
Monocytes
Macrophages
