Immunology Flashcards
How HIV is replicated
1) Attachment proteins attach to receptors on helper T cell
2) Nucleic acid enters cell
3) Reverse transcriptase converts RNA to DNA
4) Viral proteins produced
5) Virus assembled and released
How HIV is replicated once inside T helper
1) RNA converted into DNA using reverse transcriptase
2) DNA incorporated into TH DNA
3) DNA transcribed into mRNA
4) Translated into HIV for assembly
How phagocyte destroys pathogen present in blood
1) Engulfs
2) Forming vesicle and fuses with lysosome
3) Enzymes digest
How B lymphocytes would respond to vaccination
1) B cell binds to complementary antigen
2) B cell clones
3) Plasma cells produce antibodies
4) Memory cells produced
What is monoclonal antibodies
1) Antibodies with the same tertiary structure
2) Produced from the same B plasma cell
Role of antibodies in producing a positive result in ELISA test
1) Antibody binds to complementary antigen
2) Second antibody with enzyme attached is added
3) Antibody attaches to antigen
4) Substrate added and colour changes
Role of antibodies in stimulating phagocytosis
1) Bind to antigen
2) Agglutination
Phagocytosis of a virus leads to presentation of its antigens
1) Phagosome fuses with lysosome
2) Virus destroyed by hydrolytic digestive enzymes
3) Antigen presented on cell membrane
How presentation of virus leads to secretion of antibody against antigen
1) Helper TH bind to antigen
2) TH stimulates specific B cell
3) B cell clones
4) Forms plasma cells that release complementary antibodies
What is antigen
1) Foreign protein
2) Stimulates immune response
What is antibody
1) Protein specific to antigen
2) Produced by B cells
How vaccines lead to protection of (disease)
1) Antigen binds to surface protein on B cell
2) B cell reproduces by mitosis
3) Stimulated by cytokines by T cells
4) B plasma cells release antibodies
5) B cells become memory cells
6) memory cells produce antibodies faster
How vaccine leads to production of antibodies
1) Vaccine contains antigens from pathogen
2) Macrophage presents antigen on its surface
3) T cell complementary receptor protein binds to antigen
4) T cell stimulates B cell
5) With complementary antibody on its surface
6) B cell secretes large amounts of antibody
7) B cell divides to form clone same antibody
Difference between active and passive immunity
1) Active involves memory cells whereas passive does not
2) Active involves production of antibody by plasma whereas passive involves antibody introduced into body from outside
3) Active long term because antibodies produced as a response to antigen
4) Passive short term because antibody is broken down
5) Active takes time to develop whereas passive is fast acting
