Immunology Flashcards
1
Q
Function of the immune system
A
Body’s ability to eliminateor resist potentially harmful materials (pathogens)
2
Q
External barriers
A
- Skin
- mucus
- sweat
- tears /saliva
- stomach (digestive enzymes)
3
Q
Arms of the immune System
A
- Innate: always present
- adaptive: stimulated by exposure to microbe
4
Q
Stages of phagocytosis
A
- Movement of phagocyte to microbe
- Attachment of microbes to phagocyte surface
- Endocytosis of microbe + formation of phagosome
- fusion of phagosome w/ lysosome
- Killing of microbe through digestion by enzymes
- Discharge of waste material
5
Q
Function of eosinophil
A
- Help combat parasitic infections
- granules contain many enzymes
6
Q
Basophil
A
- Least common WBC
7
Q
Cytokines
A
- bind to receptors on cells producing signalling molecules to trigger response
- innate t acquired immunity: differentiation, activation, chemotaxis (formation of rbc) - enhancing cytotoxicity
8
Q
Primary lymphoid organs
A
- Place where blood cells are produced + relieve early t raining to combat antigens
- bone marrow
- Thymus
9
Q
Role of thymus in cell education
A
- Maturation of T cells
10
Q
Secondary lymphoid organs
A
(Site of lymphocyte activation by antigens)
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- mucosal immune system
- tonsils
11
Q
Function of pulps in spleen
A
- Red pulp: blood filter
- white pulp: contains lymphocytes (initiate immune responses to blood borne antigens)
12
Q
(CD8) cytotoxic t cells
A
- Killing
1. Cytotoxic tells bind to infected cell
2. Perform makes holes in infected cells membrane + enzyme enters
3. Infected cell is destroyed
13
Q
(CD4) helper T cells
A
- Stimulate B cells to produce antibody
14
Q
T helper cells (Th)
A
- Kill infected cells or pathogens
- activate + direct other immune cells
15
Q
Th1 cells
A
- Target macrophages
- activates macrophages
- autoimmunity + chronic inflammation
16
Q
Th2
A
- Eosinophils
- eosinophil + mast cell activation
- allergy
17
Q
Th17
A
- Neutrophils
- autoimmunity
18
Q
Tfh
A
- B cells
- antibody production
- autoimmunity
19
Q
Role of B cells in immunity
A
- Production of antibodies directed against antigens
20
Q
Structure of antibodies
A
- Y I top = Ag binding region
- bottom = fc region
- five types lg: M, A, G,E, D
21
Q
Mechanisms that antibodies prevent infections with microbes
A
- Neutralisation
- Opsonization
- Complement
22
Q
What is the complement system?
A
- 30 proteins are activated in a cascade like format
- activation of complement takes On place target cells
23
Q
Function of complement System
A
- Enhance immune response
- direct lysis to target cells
- enhance phagaytosis
24
Q
Active immunity
A
- Produced by host own immune system
- takes weeks to develop
- memory cells produced
- protection is permanent
25
Passive immunity
- Transfer cells from other individual
- develops immediately
- no memory cells
- Protection is temporary
