Immunology Flashcards
Innate immune response?
early
fast
non specific
no memory
adaptive immune response?
late
slow
highly specific
memory
components of innate immune system?
leukocytes:
monocytes/macrophages
neutrophils
dendritic cells
basophil and mast cells
eosinophils
NK cells
proteins:
Cytokines
compliment system
acute phase proteins
components of adaptive immune system?
leukocytes:
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
proteins:
antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Cytokines
neutrophils
Multi-lobed nucleus
Granules contain lysozome and myeloperoxidase
-Primary phagocytic cell in acute inflammation and most common white blood cell
-Phagocytosis involves
-Detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by pathogen recognition receptors
-Opsonization, pathogen is coated with a protein to attract more immune cells
-Adhesion and ingestion of organisms to kill them with the content of the granules
eosinophils?
Bi-lobed nucleus
Granules contain chemicals toxic to pathogens
Destroys multicellular parasites - protozoan and helminthic infections
Associated with allergy and asthma
basophils and mast cells?
Basophils = bilobed nucleus - obscured by blue dyed granules
Both have granules that contain histamine and heparin
They also expresses IgE receptors
To degranulate be releasing histamine during an allergic response
Basophils - circulate in the blood
Mast cells - fixed in tissues
dendritic cells?
They acts as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune system
They are antigen presenting cells - messengers that use PRRs to detect PAMPs
Pathogen is then engulfed and then antigen is presented to T lymphocytes in lymph nodes
monocytes and macrophages?
Monocytes circulate in the blood
In tissue, migrate to inflammatory sites and transform into macrophages
Kidney - bean shaped nucleus
Largest cell circulating in blood
Phagocytosis of cellular debris and pathogens
Antigen presenting cells
Form granulomas, large collections of macrophages that wall of foreign material they cannot eliminate
Source of inflammatory cytokines
natural killer - NK - cells?
Induces apoptosis of abnormal host cells such as virally infected cells and tumour cells
also , they are activated by cytokines from macrophages and interferons
Destroys abnormal host cells by cytokines which releases IFN-gamma that activates macrophages
Opsonisation
tagging the pathogen’s surface with complement protein C3b to promote phagocytosis
Chemotaxis
movement towards site of inflammation
Cell lysis
destruction of pathogenic cell
what do Igs do?
neutralises
Agglutination
osponisation
Agglutination
glues antigens together to attract the phagocytes
neutralises
blocks important cell surfaces of pathogen, rendering its attack ineffective
IgG
75%
monomer
most abundant in blood serum
enhances phagocytosis
compliment system activation
does pass foetal circulation
IgA
15%
monomer/dimer
most commonly produced Ig in body
loaclised protection on mucous membranes
found in digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts and systems
found breast milk
IgM
10%
pentamer when secreted
monomer in menbrane form
first Ig secreted
activates compliment system
does not pass foetal circulation
IgD
1%
monomer
B lymphocyte antigen receptor that mediates activation
role unknown
IgE
0.1%
monomer
type 1 hypersensitivity
made by plasma cells
binds to Fc receptors on mast cells and basophils
provides immunity for parasites and helminths
least abundant in blood serum
B lymphocytes
Major cell of the humoral (antibody) immune response
Location
Sit in lymph nodes, spleen or MALT* (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)
type 1 hypersensitivty recations
inappropriate production of specific IgE antibodies that are bounds to mast cells
results in allergies
asthma, hay fever, eczema and penicillin allergy
type 2 hypersensitivity reactions
IgG and IgM antibodies binding to antigens, cells or tissues
results in cell or tissue damage
Goodpasture’s syndrome and rheumatic fever
type 3 hypersensitivity reactions
antibody-antigen complexes being deposited in tissues
activates compliment system
results in inflammation
type 4 hypersensitivity reactions
CD4 + T helper cells traveling to site of antigens
recruits macrophages
results in inflammation
tuberculosis, chronic hypersensitivity pneumoniaand guillain-barre syndrome
