Immunology

Question 1

Innate immune response?

Answer 1

early
fast
non specific
no memory

Question 2

adaptive immune response?

Answer 2

late
slow
highly specific
memory

Question 3

components of innate immune system?

Answer 3

leukocytes:
monocytes/macrophages
neutrophils
dendritic cells
basophil and mast cells
eosinophils
NK cells
proteins:
Cytokines
compliment system
acute phase proteins

Question 4

components of adaptive immune system?

Answer 4

leukocytes:
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
proteins:
antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Cytokines

Question 5

neutrophils

Answer 5

Multi-lobed nucleus
Granules contain lysozome and myeloperoxidase

-Primary phagocytic cell in acute inflammation and most common white blood cell
-Phagocytosis involves
-Detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by pathogen recognition receptors
-Opsonization, pathogen is coated with a protein to attract more immune cells
-Adhesion and ingestion of organisms to kill them with the content of the granules

Question 6

eosinophils?

Answer 6

Bi-lobed nucleus
Granules contain chemicals toxic to pathogens

Destroys multicellular parasites - protozoan and helminthic infections

Associated with allergy and asthma

Question 7

basophils and mast cells?

Answer 7

Basophils = bilobed nucleus - obscured by blue dyed granules
Both have granules that contain histamine and heparin
They also expresses IgE receptors

To degranulate be releasing histamine during an allergic response

Basophils - circulate in the blood
Mast cells - fixed in tissues

Question 8

dendritic cells?

Answer 8

They acts as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune system
They are antigen presenting cells - messengers that use PRRs to detect PAMPs
Pathogen is then engulfed and then antigen is presented to T lymphocytes in lymph nodes

Question 9

monocytes and macrophages?

Answer 9

Monocytes circulate in the blood
In tissue, migrate to inflammatory sites and transform into macrophages

Kidney - bean shaped nucleus
Largest cell circulating in blood

Phagocytosis of cellular debris and pathogens
Antigen presenting cells
Form granulomas, large collections of macrophages that wall of foreign material they cannot eliminate
Source of inflammatory cytokines

Question 10

natural killer - NK - cells?

Answer 10

Induces apoptosis of abnormal host cells such as virally infected cells and tumour cells

also , they are activated by cytokines from macrophages and interferons
Destroys abnormal host cells by cytokines which releases IFN-gamma that activates macrophages

Question 11

Opsonisation

Answer 11

tagging the pathogen’s surface with complement protein C3b to promote phagocytosis

Question 12

Chemotaxis

Answer 12

movement towards site of inflammation

Question 13

Cell lysis

Answer 13

destruction of pathogenic cell

Question 14

what do Igs do?

Answer 14

neutralises
Agglutination
osponisation

Question 15

Agglutination

Answer 15

glues antigens together to attract the phagocytes

Question 16

neutralises

Answer 16

blocks important cell surfaces of pathogen, rendering its attack ineffective

Question 17

IgG

Answer 17

75%
monomer
most abundant in blood serum
enhances phagocytosis
compliment system activation
does pass foetal circulation

Question 18

IgA

Answer 18

15%
monomer/dimer
most commonly produced Ig in body
loaclised protection on mucous membranes
found in digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts and systems
found breast milk

Question 19

IgM

Answer 19

10%
pentamer when secreted
monomer in menbrane form
first Ig secreted
activates compliment system
does not pass foetal circulation

Question 20

IgD

Answer 20

1%
monomer
B lymphocyte antigen receptor that mediates activation
role unknown

Question 21

IgE

Answer 21

0.1%
monomer
type 1 hypersensitivity
made by plasma cells
binds to Fc receptors on mast cells and basophils
provides immunity for parasites and helminths
least abundant in blood serum

Question 22

B lymphocytes

Answer 22

Major cell of the humoral (antibody) immune response
Location
Sit in lymph nodes, spleen or MALT* (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)

Question 23

type 1 hypersensitivty recations

Answer 23

inappropriate production of specific IgE antibodies that are bounds to mast cells
results in allergies
asthma, hay fever, eczema and penicillin allergy

Question 24

type 2 hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 24

IgG and IgM antibodies binding to antigens, cells or tissues
results in cell or tissue damage
Goodpasture’s syndrome and rheumatic fever

Question 25

type 3 hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 25

antibody-antigen complexes being deposited in tissues
activates compliment system
results in inflammation

Question 26

type 4 hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 26

CD4 + T helper cells traveling to site of antigens
recruits macrophages
results in inflammation
tuberculosis, chronic hypersensitivity pneumoniaand guillain-barre syndrome