Anatomy Flashcards
Supine
Lying on back
Prone
Lying on front
Sagittal plane
symmetric, cuts the body into left and right
Coronal plane
cuts the body into posterior and anterior (front and back)
Axial (transfers) plane
cuts the body into superior and inferior (top and bottom)
Flexion
decreasing the angle between parts
Extensions
increasing angle
Dorsiflexion
the decrease of the ankle angle
Plantarflexion
the increase of the ankle angle
Abduction
away from the midline
Adduction
towards the midline
Rotation
moving around a long axis
Circumduction
circular movement
Pronation/supination
palm facing superior for supination
inferior for pronation
(semi-prone = halfway)
Eversion/inversion
at the ankle joint
Retrusion/protrusion
moving the jaw in and out
Elevation/depression
shrug of shoulders
Opposition/reposition
thumb and any other digit of the hand connection
Unilateral
structural on only one side of the body
Bilateral
structural on both sides of the body
Midline
single structure located in the middle i.e. umbilicus
Ipsilateral
lies of the same side as to what it is compared to
Contralateral
lies on the opposite side as to what is it compared to
Condyle
smooth rounded elevation
Crest
sharp ridge
facet
smooth area
process
localized projection
trochanter
large rounded elevation
tubercle
small rounded elevation
tuberosity
large rounded eleavtion
foramen
hole
sulcus
groove or furrow
periosteum
outer membrane of the bone
trabecular bone
web like bone at the distal ends of long bone
cortical bone
hard bone surrounding the outer surface
metaphysis
growth plate located at either end of long bone
diaphysis
main section of the bone usually hollow
what are the different types of joints?
Synovial - MCPJ, IPJ, facet joints
Cartilaginous - IV discs, sternal angle
Fibrous - sutures
features of joints
Good nerve supply - arthritic/dislocation pain
Periarticular circulation - periarticular anastomosis dislocations
components of appendicular skeleton
shoulder girdle
arm
hand
pelvic girdle
leg
foot
components of axial skeleton
skull
chest
vertebral column
skeletal muscles are …
Covered in deep fascia
Originate + insert onto:
-Bone via tendons
-Soft tissue via aponeurosis
Move origin + insertion closer together
Paralysis
Motor nerve problem
No contraction > reduced tone
Spasticity
Problem with descending brain control
Increased tone
Atrophy
Smaller myocytes + wasting (inactivity)
Hypertrophy
Myocyte enlargement
which part of the heart is most anterior?
Right ventricle
which arteries supply the arms?
subclavian – axillary – brachial – radial/ulnar
which arteries supply the legs?
external iliac – femoral – popliteal – ant/post tibial (> fibular)
which arteries supply the abdomen?
coeliac axis, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, renal
what are the two venous systems?
systemic
hepatic portal
what is the systemic venous system?
the same as arterial system
what is the hepatic portal?
Absorptive organs > hepatic portal vein
what is the route of the testis?
posterior wall of abdomen
layers of abdominal wall
inguinal canal
scrotum
what is the route of the sperm?
seminiferous tubules
rete testis
epididymis
vas deferens
what are the components of the spermatic cord?
Vas deferens
Pampiniform plexus
Testicular artery
what are the female reproductive organs?
ovaries
what are the female accessory reproductive organs?
uterine tubes, uterus and vagina
what are the 3 layers of the uterus?
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
where does fertilisation occur?
ampulla
where does implantation occur?
body of the uterus
sympathetics
fight or flight
sympathetics only enter spinal nerves
T1-L2: sympathetics can exit and enter spinal cord/nerves
Run up and down via sympathetic chain
parasympatheitcs
rest and digest
motor and sensory
Cranial outflow: CN 3, 7, 9, 10
Sacral outflow: S2-4
Rootlets > roots > spinal nerve > rami
Dorsal root: sensory
Ventral root: motor
Spinal nerve onwards: mixed
Dorsal rami go to back
Ventral rami supply rest of body
what is the Filum terminale?
connective tissue below conus medullaris
what is the Conus medullaris?
end of spinal cord
what is the Cauda equina?
L2-S5 spinal nerves
