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PHGY 209 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Non-specific
First line of defense
No memory

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2
Q

Specific Immunity

A

Recognition of pathogen
Faster response everytime
Memore involved

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3
Q

Lymphoid Organs

A

Primary: stem cells divide = immune cells develop
Secondary: where the response occurs

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4
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Bone Marrow: RBCs are produced, B-cells and Immature T-cells
Thymus: T-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages

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5
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

Lymph nodes: filter microbes, macrophages present
Spleen: removed microbes and old erythrocytes
Lymphoid nodules

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6
Q

Immune Cells Origin

A

Derived from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
Lymphoid stem cell
- Lymphocytes: T cells, B cells, Natural Killer cells
Myeloid stem cell
- Macrophages, dendritic cells

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7
Q

Cytokines

A

Secreted by immune cells to regulated host cell division and function (innate and adaptive)

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8
Q

First line of defense

A

Skin: water resistant
Tight junctions, mucus, hair, cilia, secretions

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9
Q

Secondary line of defense

A

Humoral Factors
Cellular Factors
Inflammation

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10
Q

Humoral Substances

A

Discourages microbial growth/ spread
1. Interferons
2. Complements
3. Iron-Binding Proteins

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11
Q

Complement Activation

A

Recruitment of inflammatory cells
Opsonization (prepare for eating) of pathogens
Killing of pathogens

Phagocyte binds to pathogen and absorbs it

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12
Q

Inflammation

A

Mast cells circulate and look for antigens = signals with histamine
1. Vasodilation (widen blood vessel = increased blood flow, increased permeability to capillaries)
2. Emigration of phagocytes
3. Tissue Repair

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13
Q

Interferons

A

Detects antigen and notifies the body = triggers Natural Killer cells (First responders)

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14
Q

Cellular Factors

A

Natural Killer Cells
Phagocytes

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15
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Detects when our own cells are infected (have gone rogue)
Lymphocyte that attacks and kills target cells after binding to them
Not antigen specific
MHC Class 1

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16
Q

MHC Class 1

A

Expressed on all normal nucleated body cells = NK cell recognizes it and does not kill that cell

Altered MHC Class 1 proteins cannot stimulate negative response = NK cell releases agents that kill the cell

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17
Q

Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells)

A

Kill old RBCs in spleen
Non-specifically engulf microbial invaders

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18
Q

Phagocytosis/ Intracellular Destruction of Microbe

A
  1. Endocytosis
  2. Phagosome created in phagocyte (vesicle with microbe)
  3. Lysosome merges with phagosome (low pH, w/ corrosive enzymes digest the microbe)
  4. Phagolysosome forms = digestion
  5. Release of end product
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19
Q

How do Phagocytes Recognize Microbes

A

Detects PAMPs on surface of microbes
Immune system receptors are PRRs on the surface of macrophages

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20
Q

Activation of Phagocytes

A
  1. Margination: adhesion to capillary wall
  2. Diapedesis: phagocytes moves across wall
  3. Chemotaxis: chemoattractants bring phagocytes to damaged area
    - Neutrophils die in the process of killing microbe
    • Pus is produced (dead bacteria and neutrophils)
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21
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Eat bacteria and bring information to create antigens (from surface of microbe)
Link between innate and adaptive

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22
Q

Antigen

A

Triggers antibody production
Has specific epitopes

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23
Q

Epitope

A

Part of antigen that is recognized by immune cell

24
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Via antigen presentation by phagocytes
Macrophage and dendritic cells bring antigen to lymph node to activate specific response

25
Q

Humoral-Antibody-Mediated Immunity

A

Involves B cells
- transform into plasma cells
- synthesize and secrete antibodies
- memory B cells

26
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity

A

Involves cytotoxic T cells
- kills infected body cells, cancer cells and foreign cells

27
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHCs)

A

How NK cells know which cells to kill
- MHC Class 1: present on all normal nucleated body cells
- MHC Class 2: expressed on antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells)

28
Q

Antigen Presenting Cell Formation

A
  1. Phagocytosis of exogenous antigen
  2. Digestion of antigen into peptide fragments
  3. Synthesis of MHC-II molecules
  4. Packaging of MHC-II molecule into vesicle
  5. Vesicles with antigen peptide fragments and MHC-II fuse
  6. Antigen peptide fragment binds to MHC-II molecule
  7. Vesicle exocytosis and antigen MHC-II complexes are inserted into plasma membrane (identification)
29
Q

Checkpoint inhibition

A

Shut off control of T cell activation
CTLA4 binds to antigen presenting cell and deactivates T cell

30
Q

Antibody Structure

A

Immunoglobin
2 heavy chains
2 light chains
Variable region: antigen binding site
Constant region: same in all antibodies (Fc)

31
Q

Antibody Classes

A

Determined by Fc
Types: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

32
Q

Active Immunity

A

Person’s own immune system responds to microbe
- Long lasting protection due to memory cells

33
Q

Natural Active Immunity

A

When someone is exposed to microbe by chance
ex: flu

34
Q

Artificial Active Immunity

A

When someone is purposefully exposed to microbe
ex: flu shot

35
Q

Vaccine

A

Small quantities of living or dead pathogens cells derived from antigen’s source

Exposure to antigenic substance results in an active immune response that induces formation of memory cells, so that natural exposition doesn’t trigger a large immune response

36
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Person receives antibodies from another person/ animal
- temporary protection = no memory cells

37
Q

Natural Passive Immunity

A

IgG from mother to fetus across placenta or IgA in breast milk

38
Q

Artificial Passive Immunity

A

Receive serum containing antibodies from person/ animal that was vaccinated

39
Q

Antibody Function

A
  1. Neutralizing antigen
  2. Agglutinating antigen
  3. Precipitating antigen
  4. Activating complement
  5. Opsonization (prepare to eat)
40
Q

Second exposition

A

Rate of antibody production after initial exposure will be higher because system is familiar with antigen

41
Q

Self antigens

A

MHC makes sure immune system doesn’t attack its own cells
Important for tissue/ organ transplant rejection

42
Q

Somatic Hypermutation

A

During development of cells, DNA is recombined so that each cell is only capable of one specific variable region

43
Q

IgG and IgA

A

IgG is higher in secondary response - it moves throughout the body
IgA is only found in mucosal tissues

44
Q

Development of T Cell Tolerance

A

T cells that can’t recognize MHC-I molecules are destroyed
T cells that destroy cells with MHC-I molecules are destroyed

45
Q

T cells

A

Require activation - when binds to foreign antigen
- Helper T cell
- Cytotoxic T cell

46
Q

Endogenous Antigen

A

Produced by your own body
Infected Body cells will have altered MHC-I

47
Q

Exogenous Antigen

A

From outside source
Antigen presenting cell is recognized and MHC-II is placed in it’s membrane

48
Q

Cell-Mediated Killing of Virus Cell (or infected cells)

A
  • pathogen presents its MHC-II = activation of helper T cell
  • helper T cell releases cytokines = activate cytotoxic T cell
  • Tc binds to infected cell on MHC-II and kills it by releasing perforins and granzymes
    (self infected cells would be the same but with altered MHC-I)
49
Q

Factors Changing Resistance to Infections

A

Protein-calorie malnutrition
Preexisting disease
Stress
No exercise
Sleep deprivation

50
Q

Immunodeficiency Diseases

A

SCID: absence of B and T cells, sometimes lack NK cells
AIDS: infects and kills helper T cells (can’t trigger adaptive immune response)

51
Q

Tissue Graft/ Organ Rejection

A

Has to do with difference in MHC-I proteins on recipient and donors macrophages in tissue
Can be recognized as foreign by Helper T cells

52
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Immunosuppressant drug that blocks the production of cytokines secreted by T(H) –> eliminates proliferation of Tc and T(H) cells
Problem: decreases immune system

53
Q

Transfusion Rxns

A

Antibody compatibility for different blood types
A: antigen A; antibody anti-B
B: antigen B; antibody anti-A
AB: antigen B and B; neither anti-A nor anti-B
O: neither A or B; Both antibody anti-A and anti-B

54
Q

Allergic Rxn

A

When a person’s immune response is overly reactive to a substance that most tolerate well
Mast cells are involved - inflammation (histamines)

55
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Localized at site of injection or
Large amounts of chemicals spread out and cause inflammation in circulatory system = constriction

56
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

Body triggers response against own antigens
Mediated by autoantibodies + self reactive T cells (can’t identify MHC-I molecules)

ex: Type I Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis

PHGY 209 (4 decks)

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