Body Fluids

Question 1

Claude Bernard…

Answer 1

1. Environment surrounding cell is different from external env.
2. Internal environment remains constant under normal conditions

Question 2

Water content of
Skin
Muscle
Organs
Bone
Fat

Answer 2

Skin: 70%
Muscle: 75%
Organs: 70-80%
Bone: 25%
Fat: 10%

Question 3

Water content for men and women

Answer 3

Estrogen promotes fat deposition in women = lower water %

Question 4

Age influence on water content

Answer 4

High as baby, then lowers a lot with age, less than 50% after 60 yrs old

Question 5

Water Intake

Answer 5

Oral fluid
Oral intake as food
Oxidative water from metabolism

Question 6

Water Output

Answer 6

Insensible - don’t notice: Lungs, skin
Sensible: kidneys (urine), stool (feces)

Question 7

Water balance

Answer 7

Intake = obligatory loss + facultative loss

Question 8

Insensible persperation

Answer 8

1. Pure water
2. Passive
3. Entire skin surface
4. Continuous

Question 9

Sweating

Answer 9

1. Electrolyte solution
2. Active
3. Sweat glands
4. Activated by heavy work

Question 10

Causes of negative water balance

Answer 10

Reduced intake
Excessive loss from gut (diarrhea)
Excessive sweating
Excessive loss in breathing
Excessive loss in urine

Question 11

Water intoxication (cause and effect)

Answer 11

Due to excessive intake
Causes renal system failure

Question 12

Body water compartments

Answer 12

1. Intracellular fluid (40% water body mass): inside cells
2. Extracellular fluid (20% water body mass): around cells
   a) Major: Interstitial fluid (15%), Plasma (5%)
   b) Minor: Lymph (~1-2% ECF), Transcellular fluid (<1-
   2% of ECF)

Question 13

Plasma

Answer 13

Where blood cells are suspended

Question 14

Hematocrit

Answer 14

% of blood occupied by red blood cells
Height of erythrocyte column / height of total blood column

Question 15

Interstitial fluid

Answer 15

Fluid surrounding all individual cells

Question 16

Lymph / Lymphatic system

Answer 16

Network of blind ended tubules

Question 17

Lymph / Lymphatic system

Answer 17

Network of blind ended tubules
Drains into large veins in chest

Question 18

Transcellular Fluid

Answer 18

Secreted by cells into body cavities lined by epithelium

Question 19

Body Fluids

Answer 19

Water: 60%
- ICF: 40%
- ECF: 20%
- ISF: 15%
- Plasma: 5%

Question 20

Indicator Dilution Method requirements

Answer 20

1. Quantity of test substance introduced
2. Concentration of the substance

Question 21

Indicator equation

Answer 21

V = Q/c
V: volume
Q: quantity
c: concentration

Question 22

Indicator Procedure

Answer 22

1. Inject quantity into vein
2. Allow time to equilibrate
3. Remove known volume of blood, and centrifuge to obtain plasma
4. Measure concentration in unit of plasma
5. Calculate V = Q/c

Question 23

Indicator choice

Answer 23

Non-toxic
Diffuse through all compartments (capillary wall and cell membrane)
Does not induce changes in water distribution between compartments (diffusion or osmosis)
Easy to measure its concentration

Question 24

Examples of indicators

Answer 24

Antipyrine
D2O
T2O