Immunology 101

Question 1

What is the immune system?

Answer 1

The body’s defense system against potentially harmful substances.

Question 2

What is the thymus?

Answer 2

Bi-lobed organ located in the chest cavity. It houses T lymphocytes during maturation and produces hormones that support T cell maturation.

Question 3

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 3

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Question 4

What is innate immunity?

Answer 4

The body’s “first line of defense;” mounted quickly and is not specifically targeted to a particular pathogen

Question 5

What are the cellular components of the innate immune system?

Answer 5

Phagocytes (neutrophil & macrophages), natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells

Question 6

The most abundant type of WBC that mediate early innate immune responses.

Answer 6

Neutrophils

Question 7

Mature form of monocytes

Answer 7

Macrophages

Question 8

What is complement?

Answer 8

A group of plasma proteins that enhance the immune response

Question 9

What two immunity types make up the adaptive immunity?

Answer 9

Humoral immunity & cell-mediated immunity

Question 10

Humoral immunity is mediated by which cell type?

Answer 10

B cells

Question 11

Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by which cell type?

Answer 11

T cells

Question 12

The lymphoid lineage gives eventual rise to what type of innate immune cell?

Answer 12

NK cell

Question 13

NK cells are also called?

Answer 13

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)

Question 14

True of False: NK cells play key roles in innate immune response against intracellular viruses and bacteria by directly killing infected cells.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

___________ secrete cytokines that recruit immune cells to the site of infection, serve as antigen-presenting cells, and stimulate growth of new blood vessels.

Answer 15

Macrophages

Question 16

These cells link innate and adaptive immunity.

Answer 16

Dendritic cells

Question 17

The primary role of this cell is clearance of parasitic worms (helminths), but also capable of phagocytosis.

Answer 17

Eosinophils

Question 18

True or False: Basophils are structurally and functionally similar to mast cells.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

This cell is the first WBC to respond to infection as they migrate from circulation to tissue; they are also called polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)

Answer 19

Neutrophils

Question 20

These three cells are considered to be antigen-presenting cells.

Answer 20

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

Question 21

What are the three subtypes of T cells?

Answer 21

Helper T cells (Th), Cytotoxic T cells (Tc), Regulatory T cells (Treg); they are collectively known as effector cells

Question 22

Class __ MHC play a key role in activating and communicating with cytotoxic T cells.

Answer 22

I

Question 23

Class II MHC are found only on cells that present antigen to ________ T cells

Answer 23

Helper

Question 24

Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells can become ______ T cells

Answer 24

Memory

Question 25

True or False: Th2 cells mediate most aspects of cellular immunity.

Answer 25

False; Th1 cells mediate most aspects of cellular immunity

Question 26

This helper T cell subtype links the adaptive and innate immunity by release IL-17.

Answer 26

Th17 cells

Question 27

Helper T cells are CD__ positive cells

Answer 27

4

Question 28

Cytotoxic T cells are CD__ positive cells

Answer 28

8

Question 29

What are the 3 major subtypes of B cells

Answer 29

Follicular B cells, Marginal Zone B cell, B-1 cell

Question 30

What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins (Igs)

Answer 30

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

Question 31

True or False: Antibodies are made up of 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

The antigen-binding site or fragment of antigen binding (Fab) is located in the ______ region.

Answer 32

Variable

Question 33

The stem region of an antibody is also known as the ___ fragment and it is this area that binds to ___ receptors.

Answer 33

Fc

Question 34

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 34

Redness (erythema), heat, swelling (edema), pain, and loss of function

Question 35

Which T cell subsets are the primary drivers of chronic inflammation?

Answer 35

Th1, Th2, Th17

Question 36

IBD stands for?

Answer 36

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Question 37

IBD encompasses which conditions?

Answer 37

Crohn's disease (CD) & Ulcerative colitis (UC)

Question 38

Immediate: Type I hypersensitivity is associated with what initial immune mechanism?

Answer 38

Production of IgE antibodies

Question 39

Antibody-mediated (subacute): Type II hypersensitivity is associated with what initial immune mechanism?

Answer 39

Production of IgG and IgM antibodies

Question 40

Immune complex-mediated: Type III hypersensitivity is associated with what initial immune mechanism?

Answer 40

Deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in tissue

Question 41

T cell mediated: Type IV hypersensitivity is associated with what initial immune mechanism?

Answer 41

Activation of T cells

Question 42

Type I hypersensitivity is also most commonly thought of as?

Answer 42

Allergic reactions

Question 43

Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis, IBD, and RA are examples of _______ autoimmune disease

Answer 43

Systemic (as opposed to organ-specific; example of organ-specific = MS (brain), Myasthenia Gravis (muscle))

Question 44

True or False: Chimeric mAbs consist of murine variable regions and human IgG constant regions.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Framework (source) nomenclature for chimeric mAbs (i.e. chemical name ends in...)

Answer 45

-ximab

Question 46

Framework (source) nomenclature for humanized mAbs (i.e. chemical name ends in...)

Answer 46

-zumab

Question 47

Human anti-human antibodies (HAHAs) can develop to which kind of monoclonal antibody?

Answer 47

Humanized and Fully-human mAbs

Question 48

Human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMAs) and Human anti-chimeric antibodies can form to which kind of mAb?

Answer 48

Chimeric mAbs

Question 49

Framework (source) nomenclature for fully-human mAbs (i.e. chemical name ends in...)

Answer 49

-umab

Question 50

IL-12 is a heterodimer made up of which two subunits?

Answer 50

P40 & P35

Question 51

IL-23 is a heterodimer made up of which two subunits?

Answer 51

P40 & P19

Question 52

IL-12 and IL-23 share which subunit?

Answer 52

P40