Immunology 101 Flashcards
What is the immune system?
The body’s defense system against potentially harmful substances.
What is the thymus?
Bi-lobed organ located in the chest cavity. It houses T lymphocytes during maturation and produces hormones that support T cell maturation.
What are the two types of immunity?
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
What is innate immunity?
The body’s “first line of defense;” mounted quickly and is not specifically targeted to a particular pathogen
What are the cellular components of the innate immune system?
Phagocytes (neutrophil & macrophages), natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells
The most abundant type of WBC that mediate early innate immune responses.
Neutrophils
Mature form of monocytes
Macrophages
What is complement?
A group of plasma proteins that enhance the immune response
What two immunity types make up the adaptive immunity?
Humoral immunity & cell-mediated immunity
Humoral immunity is mediated by which cell type?
B cells
Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by which cell type?
T cells
The lymphoid lineage gives eventual rise to what type of innate immune cell?
NK cell
NK cells are also called?
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)
True of False: NK cells play key roles in innate immune response against intracellular viruses and bacteria by directly killing infected cells.
True
___________ secrete cytokines that recruit immune cells to the site of infection, serve as antigen-presenting cells, and stimulate growth of new blood vessels.
Macrophages
These cells link innate and adaptive immunity.
Dendritic cells
The primary role of this cell is clearance of parasitic worms (helminths), but also capable of phagocytosis.
Eosinophils
True or False: Basophils are structurally and functionally similar to mast cells.
True
This cell is the first WBC to respond to infection as they migrate from circulation to tissue; they are also called polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
Neutrophils
These three cells are considered to be antigen-presenting cells.
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells
What are the three subtypes of T cells?
Helper T cells (Th), Cytotoxic T cells (Tc), Regulatory T cells (Treg); they are collectively known as effector cells
Class __ MHC play a key role in activating and communicating with cytotoxic T cells.
I
Class II MHC are found only on cells that present antigen to ________ T cells
Helper
Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells can become ______ T cells
Memory
True or False: Th2 cells mediate most aspects of cellular immunity.
False; Th1 cells mediate most aspects of cellular immunity
This helper T cell subtype links the adaptive and innate immunity by release IL-17.
Th17 cells
Helper T cells are CD__ positive cells
4
Cytotoxic T cells are CD__ positive cells
8
What are the 3 major subtypes of B cells
Follicular B cells, Marginal Zone B cell, B-1 cell
What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins (Igs)
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
True or False: Antibodies are made up of 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains.
True
The antigen-binding site or fragment of antigen binding (Fab) is located in the ______ region.
Variable
The stem region of an antibody is also known as the ___ fragment and it is this area that binds to ___ receptors.
Fc
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness (erythema), heat, swelling (edema), pain, and loss of function
Which T cell subsets are the primary drivers of chronic inflammation?
Th1, Th2, Th17
IBD stands for?
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
IBD encompasses which conditions?
Crohn’s disease (CD) & Ulcerative colitis (UC)
Immediate: Type I hypersensitivity is associated with what initial immune mechanism?
Production of IgE antibodies
Antibody-mediated (subacute): Type II hypersensitivity is associated with what initial immune mechanism?
Production of IgG and IgM antibodies
Immune complex-mediated: Type III hypersensitivity is associated with what initial immune mechanism?
Deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in tissue
T cell mediated: Type IV hypersensitivity is associated with what initial immune mechanism?
Activation of T cells
Type I hypersensitivity is also most commonly thought of as?
Allergic reactions
Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis, IBD, and RA are examples of _______ autoimmune disease
Systemic (as opposed to organ-specific; example of organ-specific = MS (brain), Myasthenia Gravis (muscle))
True or False: Chimeric mAbs consist of murine variable regions and human IgG constant regions.
True
Framework (source) nomenclature for chimeric mAbs (i.e. chemical name ends in…)
-ximab
Framework (source) nomenclature for humanized mAbs (i.e. chemical name ends in…)
-zumab
Human anti-human antibodies (HAHAs) can develop to which kind of monoclonal antibody?
Humanized and Fully-human mAbs
Human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMAs) and Human anti-chimeric antibodies can form to which kind of mAb?
Chimeric mAbs
Framework (source) nomenclature for fully-human mAbs (i.e. chemical name ends in…)
-umab
IL-12 is a heterodimer made up of which two subunits?
P40 & P35
IL-23 is a heterodimer made up of which two subunits?
P40 & P19
IL-12 and IL-23 share which subunit?
P40
