Immunology 1) Vaccinology Flashcards
What requirements are there for vaccines?
Safe to use Don't cause disease they aim to prevent Minimal side effects Long lasting Easy to store and transport Cheap
What is an active vaccine?
Organisms mount immune response as if real infection had taken place
What is a passive vaccine?
Provides organisms with prefabricated immune response
Describe a live / attenuated vaccine
Agents have been weakened but not killed
Can’t normally cause disease in health people
Can’t give to those with compromised immune system
What is the benefit of giving a live vaccine?
Produces stronger immune response as it comes closer to a natural infection
Offers lifelong protection
Give examples of live vaccines
BCG Shingles MMR Nasal spray influenza Oral typhoid Measles, mumps, rubella
Describe inactivated vaccines
Agents that have been destroyed by chemicals or heat
Can’t replicate but immune system can recognise and mount protective immune response
Produce weaker immune response
Give examples of inactivated vaccines
Influenza
Pertussis
Poliomyelitis
Typhoid
Give an example of a protein / virus-like particle vaccine
Hepatitis B
HPV
Give an example of a subunit / conjugate vaccine
HIB
Give examples of toxoid
Tetanus
Diphtheria
What vaccines are given at 8 weeks?
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, whooping cough, polio, haemaphilus influenza type B, hepatitis B
Pneumococcal
Meningococcal group B
Rotavirus gastroenteritis
What vaccines are given at 12 weeks?
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib, hepatitis B
What vaccines are given at 16 weeks?
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib, hepatitis B
Pneumococcal
MenB
What vaccines are given at 1 year?
Hib and Men C
Pneumococcal
MMR
MenB
What vaccines are given at 2-8 years?
Influenza
What vaccines are given to girls at 12-13 years
Cervical cancer
What vaccines are given at 14 years?
Tetanus, diphtheria, polio
Meningococcal groups A, C, W and Y disease
Give examples of passive immunisation given
Hepatitis B hyperimmune serum
Tetanus hyperimmune serum
Rabies hyperimmune serum
Anti-venoms and anti-toxins
What complications can measles cause?
Pneumonia - 6 in 100
Encephalitis - 1 in 1000
Death - 2 in 1000
Damages B cell memory to other infections
What severe side effects does the MMR vaccine have?
Encephalitis or severe allergic reaction - 1 in 1,00,000
What was a severe side effect of the swine-flu vaccine?
Narcolepsy occurred in 1 in 55,000 jabs
What does narcolepsy cause?
Severe sleep disruption
Loss of concentration
Social difficulties
Cataplexy
Give examples of adjuvant categories?
Mineral salts Micro-fluidised detergents, emulsions, sapnonins TLR agonists Particulate delivery Carbohydrate based Human cytokines, chemokine, activating ligands, DC targeting Bacterial exotoxins Combination adjuvants
Give an example of a mineral salt adjuvant
Aluminium hydroxide
What is the purpose of tumour vaccines?
Given to patients suffering from tumours
Tumour vaccine can retrain immune system to attack tumour which was unchecked
What are the initial signs of meningitis B in babies?
High fever with cold hands and feet Feel agitated but don't want to be touched Cry continuously Very sleepy, hard to wake Confused and unresponsive Blotchy, non-blanching rash
