Immunology 1) Vaccinology

Question 1

What requirements are there for vaccines?

Answer 1

Safe to use
Don't cause disease they aim to prevent
Minimal side effects
Long lasting
Easy to store and transport
Cheap

Question 2

What is an active vaccine?

Answer 2

Organisms mount immune response as if real infection had taken place

Question 3

What is a passive vaccine?

Answer 3

Provides organisms with prefabricated immune response

Question 4

Describe a live / attenuated vaccine

Answer 4

Agents have been weakened but not killed
Can’t normally cause disease in health people
Can’t give to those with compromised immune system

Question 5

What is the benefit of giving a live vaccine?

Answer 5

Produces stronger immune response as it comes closer to a natural infection
Offers lifelong protection

Question 6

Give examples of live vaccines

Answer 6

BCG
Shingles
MMR
Nasal spray influenza
Oral typhoid
Measles, mumps, rubella

Question 7

Describe inactivated vaccines

Answer 7

Agents that have been destroyed by chemicals or heat
Can’t replicate but immune system can recognise and mount protective immune response
Produce weaker immune response

Question 8

Give examples of inactivated vaccines

Answer 8

Influenza
Pertussis
Poliomyelitis
Typhoid

Question 9

Give an example of a protein / virus-like particle vaccine

Answer 9

Hepatitis B

HPV

Question 10

Give an example of a subunit / conjugate vaccine

Answer 10

HIB

Question 11

Give examples of toxoid

Answer 11

Tetanus

Diphtheria

Question 12

What vaccines are given at 8 weeks?

Answer 12

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, whooping cough, polio, haemaphilus influenza type B, hepatitis B
Pneumococcal
Meningococcal group B
Rotavirus gastroenteritis

Question 13

What vaccines are given at 12 weeks?

Answer 13

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib, hepatitis B

Question 14

What vaccines are given at 16 weeks?

Answer 14

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib, hepatitis B
Pneumococcal
MenB

Question 15

What vaccines are given at 1 year?

Answer 15

Hib and Men C
Pneumococcal
MMR
MenB

Question 16

What vaccines are given at 2-8 years?

Answer 16

Influenza

Question 17

What vaccines are given to girls at 12-13 years

Answer 17

Cervical cancer

Question 18

What vaccines are given at 14 years?

Answer 18

Tetanus, diphtheria, polio

Meningococcal groups A, C, W and Y disease

Question 19

Give examples of passive immunisation given

Answer 19

Hepatitis B hyperimmune serum
Tetanus hyperimmune serum
Rabies hyperimmune serum
Anti-venoms and anti-toxins

Question 20

What complications can measles cause?

Answer 20

Pneumonia - 6 in 100
Encephalitis - 1 in 1000
Death - 2 in 1000
Damages B cell memory to other infections

Question 21

What severe side effects does the MMR vaccine have?

Answer 21

Encephalitis or severe allergic reaction - 1 in 1,00,000

Question 22

What was a severe side effect of the swine-flu vaccine?

Answer 22

Narcolepsy occurred in 1 in 55,000 jabs

Question 23

What does narcolepsy cause?

Answer 23

Severe sleep disruption
Loss of concentration
Social difficulties
Cataplexy

Question 24

Give examples of adjuvant categories?

Answer 24

Mineral salts
Micro-fluidised detergents, emulsions, sapnonins
TLR agonists
Particulate delivery
Carbohydrate based
Human cytokines, chemokine, activating ligands, DC targeting
Bacterial exotoxins
Combination adjuvants

Question 25

Give an example of a mineral salt adjuvant

Answer 25

Aluminium hydroxide

Question 26

What is the purpose of tumour vaccines?

Answer 26

Given to patients suffering from tumours

Tumour vaccine can retrain immune system to attack tumour which was unchecked

Question 27

What are the initial signs of meningitis B in babies?

Answer 27

High fever with cold hands and feet
Feel agitated but don't want to be touched
Cry continuously
Very sleepy, hard to wake
Confused and unresponsive
Blotchy, non-blanching rash